Pathology- PATHOMA

Question 1

what are 3 permanent tissues?

Answer 1

• cardiac myocytes
• nerves
• skeletal muscles
• only undergo hypertrophy, no hyperplasia
• permanent tissue= no stem cell

Question 2

hyperplasia and metaplasia may progress to cancer. What is exception for each?

Answer 2

• BPH (benign prostate hyperplasia)

- apocrine metaplasia of breast (fibrocytic change)

Question 3

metaplasia: reversible or irreversible?

Answer 3

reversible

Question 4

myositis ossificans is example of what cellular change?

Answer 4

metaplasia (metaplasia of mesenchymal tissue- connective tissues)

bone growth from muscle tissue

Question 5

dysplasia: reversible or irreversible?

Answer 5

reversible

Question 6

loss of microvilli: reversible or irreversible damage?

Answer 6

reversible: with OXYGEN SUPPLY

loss of microvilli is due to cellular swelling, which is reversible damage

• remember: mitochondrial vacuolization (which also kinda like swelling) is irreversible

Question 7

acute pancreatitis involves what two types of necrosis?

Answer 7

both liquifactive necrosis and fat necrosis

• liquifactive necrosis: lysosomal pancreatic enzyme dissolve pancreatic tissue itself (not fat tissue)
• fat necrosis: lipase dissolve fat tissues surrounding pancreas- saponification

Question 8

extrinsic pathway of apoptosis involves what T cell?

Answer 8

CD8 T cell, cytotoxic cell

: granzyme and perforin

Question 9

During apoptosis, caspases involve activation of what two mediators?

Answer 9

endonucleases: DNA breakdown
proteases: cytoskeleton breakdown

Question 10

In hemochromatosis and Willson disease, ion accumulation generates what free radicals?

Answer 10

hydroxyl free radicals, most potent form of free radicals

Question 11

Two mechanisms free radical damage cells

Answer 11

• peroxidation of membrane

- oxidation of DNA-> DNA damage

Question 12

Dry cleaning industry:

• What chemical?
• What free radical is formed?
• This free radical damages what tissue? what is consequence

Answer 12

• carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)
• CCl3 free radical via P450 system
• hepatocyte damage -> fatty liver due to impaired lipoprotein synthesis
  : impaired lipoprotein synthesis -> impaired TG removal through HDL -> fat accumulation

Question 13

Where does amlyoid deposits?

Answer 13

extracellular matrix, often around blood vessel

• calcitonin deposits WITHIN tumor cells in medullary carcinoma of thyroid

Question 14

Familial Mediterrenian fever

• inheritance pattern
• symptoms
• what amyloid is deposited

Answer 14

• autosomal recessive
• fever and serrosal inflammation (may mimic appendicitis, MI, arthritis)
• chronic inflammation state -> SAA -> AA amyloid

Question 15

Dialysis: which amyloid? deposits to where? symptom?

Answer 15

beta 2 microglobulin amyloid
-> deposits to joints -> may present with carpal tunnel syndrome

• beta 2 microglobulin is component of MHC1