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Female GU / Breast > Pathology of the Cervix, Vulva and Vagina > Flashcards

Pathology of the Cervix, Vulva and Vagina Flashcards

1
Q

Which strains of HPV are responsible for the majority of cervical cancers in Scotland?

A

HPV 16 and 18

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2
Q

12-13 year old girls in Scotland are vaccinated against which strains of HPV?

A

6, 11, 16 and 18

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3
Q

The HPV vaccination programme in Scotland is now also going to be offered to boys. T/F?

A

True

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4
Q

As well as cervical cancer, which cancer can be caused by HPV infection?

A

Oropharyngeal cancer

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5
Q

Most HPV infection will progress to CIN or cancer. T/F?

A

False

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6
Q

What factors other than HPV infection can influence the progression from CIN to cervical cancer?

A

Smoking

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7
Q

What is meant by the term ‘dyskaryosis’?

A

Nuclear abnormality

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8
Q

If CIN grade 2 or 3 is found on cervical screening, what is the next step?

A

Colposcopy

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9
Q

CIN in the cervix will result in symptoms. T/F?

A

False - it is assymptomatic

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10
Q

Women of what age are invited for cervical screening in Scotland?

A

25-65

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11
Q

How often are women in Scotland invited for cervical screening?

A

Every three years between the ages of 25-50 and every five years for ages 50-65

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12
Q

If there are borderline nuclear abnormalities on cervical screening then what is the next step?

A

Screening repeated after 6 months

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13
Q

What grade of dyskaryosis is CIN 1 most likely to correspond to?

A

Low grade dyskaryosis

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14
Q

What grade of dyskaryosis is CIN 2 most likely to correspond to?

A

Medium grade dyskaryosis

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15
Q

What grade of dyskaryosis is CIN 3 most likely to correspond to?

A

High grade dyskaryosis

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16
Q

What technique is used in cervical screening for HPV testing?

A

Liquid based cytology

17
Q

What substance is used to visualise the transformation zone of the cervix on colposcopy?

A

Acetic acid

18
Q

What are the potential symptoms of cervical cancer?

A

Post-coital bleeding
Intermenstrual bleeding
Irregular vaginal bleeding and pain

19
Q

Cervical cancer can be assymptomatic. T/F?

A

True

20
Q

Invasive squamous carcinoma of the cervix almost always develops from pre-existing CIN. T/F?

A

True

21
Q

All CIN will progress to squamous cancer. T/F?

A

False

22
Q

Which types of CIN are most likely to progress to cancer?

A

CIN 2 and 3

23
Q

What are the immediate complications of the treatment of cervical cancer?

A

Pain and haemorrhage

24
Q

What are the delayed complications of the treatment of cervical cancer?

A

Secondary haemorrhage
Infection
Cervical stenosis

25
Q

The treatment of cervical cancer can impact fertility. T/F?

A

False - treatment should not affect fertility

26
Q

Atrophic vaginitis is associated with a low oestrogen level. Thus, women of what age are most likely to have atrophic vaginitis?

A

Post-menopausal women

27
Q

What are the symptoms of atrophic vaginitis?

A 
Discomfort
Dyspareunia
Bleeding
Polyps
Cysts
28
Q

Primary cancers of the vagina are common. T/F?

A

False - these are rare, however cancer of the cervix or vulva can involve the vagina

29
Q

Give examples of infections which can affect the vagina

A 
Herpes simple virus
Actinomyces
Bacterial vaginosis
Thrush
Trichomanoas vaginalis
30
Q

Candidiasis (thrush) of the vulva is common. What can this be associated with?

A

Pregnancy

Diabetes

31
Q

Bartholin’s vestibular gland cysts may become infected with abscess formation. T/F?

A

True

32
Q

What age of women are usually affected by vulvar cancer?

A

Vulvar cancer almost exclusively occurs in women less than 60 years old

33
Q

Vulvar cancer causes warty or basaxoid cancers. T/F?

A

True

34
Q

Vulvar cancers associated with dermatoses can occur in an older age group. T/F?

A

True

35
Q

Vulvar cancers associated with dermatoses is caused by HPV infection. T/F?

A

False

36
Q

What is the term for dysplasia of the vulva?

A

Vulva intra-epithelial neoplasia

37
Q

Lichen sclerosis is a non-infective inflammation is linked the vulval squamous carcinoma. T/F?

A

True

38
Q

The majority of vulval cancers are HPV dependent. T/F?

A

False - only about 20% of vulval cancers are HPV dependent

Female GU / Breast (7 decks)

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