Pathology of the Cervix, Vulva and Vagina Flashcards
Which strains of HPV are responsible for the majority of cervical cancers in Scotland?
HPV 16 and 18
12-13 year old girls in Scotland are vaccinated against which strains of HPV?
6, 11, 16 and 18
The HPV vaccination programme in Scotland is now also going to be offered to boys. T/F?
True
As well as cervical cancer, which cancer can be caused by HPV infection?
Oropharyngeal cancer
Most HPV infection will progress to CIN or cancer. T/F?
False
What factors other than HPV infection can influence the progression from CIN to cervical cancer?
Smoking
What is meant by the term ‘dyskaryosis’?
Nuclear abnormality
If CIN grade 2 or 3 is found on cervical screening, what is the next step?
Colposcopy
CIN in the cervix will result in symptoms. T/F?
False - it is assymptomatic
Women of what age are invited for cervical screening in Scotland?
25-65
How often are women in Scotland invited for cervical screening?
Every three years between the ages of 25-50 and every five years for ages 50-65
If there are borderline nuclear abnormalities on cervical screening then what is the next step?
Screening repeated after 6 months
What grade of dyskaryosis is CIN 1 most likely to correspond to?
Low grade dyskaryosis
What grade of dyskaryosis is CIN 2 most likely to correspond to?
Medium grade dyskaryosis
What grade of dyskaryosis is CIN 3 most likely to correspond to?
High grade dyskaryosis
What technique is used in cervical screening for HPV testing?
Liquid based cytology
What substance is used to visualise the transformation zone of the cervix on colposcopy?
Acetic acid
What are the potential symptoms of cervical cancer?
Post-coital bleeding
Intermenstrual bleeding
Irregular vaginal bleeding and pain
Cervical cancer can be assymptomatic. T/F?
True
Invasive squamous carcinoma of the cervix almost always develops from pre-existing CIN. T/F?
True
All CIN will progress to squamous cancer. T/F?
False
Which types of CIN are most likely to progress to cancer?
CIN 2 and 3
What are the immediate complications of the treatment of cervical cancer?
Pain and haemorrhage
What are the delayed complications of the treatment of cervical cancer?
Secondary haemorrhage
Infection
Cervical stenosis
The treatment of cervical cancer can impact fertility. T/F?
False - treatment should not affect fertility
Atrophic vaginitis is associated with a low oestrogen level. Thus, women of what age are most likely to have atrophic vaginitis?
Post-menopausal women
What are the symptoms of atrophic vaginitis?
Discomfort Dyspareunia Bleeding Polyps Cysts
Primary cancers of the vagina are common. T/F?
False - these are rare, however cancer of the cervix or vulva can involve the vagina
Give examples of infections which can affect the vagina
Herpes simple virus Actinomyces Bacterial vaginosis Thrush Trichomanoas vaginalis
Candidiasis (thrush) of the vulva is common. What can this be associated with?
Pregnancy
Diabetes
Bartholin’s vestibular gland cysts may become infected with abscess formation. T/F?
True
What age of women are usually affected by vulvar cancer?
Vulvar cancer almost exclusively occurs in women less than 60 years old
Vulvar cancer causes warty or basaxoid cancers. T/F?
True
Vulvar cancers associated with dermatoses can occur in an older age group. T/F?
True
Vulvar cancers associated with dermatoses is caused by HPV infection. T/F?
False
What is the term for dysplasia of the vulva?
Vulva intra-epithelial neoplasia
Lichen sclerosis is a non-infective inflammation is linked the vulval squamous carcinoma. T/F?
True
The majority of vulval cancers are HPV dependent. T/F?
False - only about 20% of vulval cancers are HPV dependent
