Pathology of the Cardiovascular System

Question 1

• structural abnormalities caused by the failure of the heart to develop normally before birth
• Most common type of birth defect

Answer 1

Congenital heart defect

Question 2

• Atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries that reduces blood supply to the heart
• Most common type of heart disease

Answer 2

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

Question 3

• hardening and narrowing of the arteries
• caused buy a buildup of cholesterol plaque

Answer 3

Atherosclerosis

Question 4

Insufficient supply of oxygen in the tissues due to restrictive blood flow

Answer 4

Ischemia

Question 5

• severe episode of chest pain that occurs due to inadequate blood flow
• usually caused by CAD
• Stable - occurs during exertion and resolves with rest
• Unstable - occurs either during exertion or rest (precursor to MI)

Answer 5

Angina

Question 6

*Commonly known as a heart attack
* The blockage of one of more coronary arteries that reduces
* Damage to the myocardium impairs the hearts ability to pump
* Main symptom is pain or pressure in the chest

Answer 6

Myocardial Infarction (MI)

Question 7

• most commonly in the elderly
• The heart ha already been weekend or damaged
• Heart is unable to pump out all the blood it receives

Answer 7

Heart failure

Question 8

Inflammation of the heart

Answer 8

Carditis

Question 9

Term used to describe all diseases of the heart muscle

Answer 9

cardiomyopathy

Question 10

Loss of the normal rhythm of the heartbeat

Answer 10

Arrhythmia

Question 11

complete lack of electrical rhythm in the heart

Answer 11

Asystole

Question 12

The heart abruptly stops beating or develops arrhythmias that prevent effective blood pumping

Answer 12

Cardiac Arrest

Question 13

• Abnormally slow resting heart rate
• usually less than 60 bpm

Answer 13

Bradycardia

Question 14

*abnormally rapid resting heart rate
* usually over 100 bpm

Answer 14

Tachycardia

Question 15

• very rapid resting heartbeat that begins in the ventricles
• potentially fatal b/c heart is unable to pump blood effectively

Answer 15

Ventricular Tachycardia

Question 16

Potentially life-threatening fast and irregular heartbeat

Answer 16

Fibrillation

Question 17

Irregular quivering of the atria

Answer 17

Atrial fibrillation (A-fib)

Question 18

Rapid, irregular, useless contractions of the ventricles

Answer 18

Ventricular fibrillation (V-fib)

Question 19

• balloon like enlargement of the wall of an artery
• named for the artery involved

Answer 19

Aneurysm

Question 20

• hardening of the arteries that reduces
• thickening and loss of elasticity

Answer 20

Arteriosclerosis

Question 21

Inflammation of the vein

Answer 21

Phlebitis

Question 22

Abnormal condition of having thrombus

Answer 22

Thrombosis

Question 23

Blood clot attached to the interior wall of an artery or vein

Answer 23

Thrombus

Question 24

Blocking an artery by thrombus

Answer 24

Thrombotic occlusion

Question 25

What are the types of Thrombosis?

Answer 25

Thrombotic occlusion Coronary thrombosis Venous Thromboembolism Deep Vein Thrombosis Pulmonary Embolism

Question 26

Sudden blockage of a blood vessel by an embolus

Answer 26

Embolism

Question 27

Foreign object such as a blood clot, quantity of air or gas, bit of tissue that is circulating in the blood

Answer 27

Embolus

Question 28

* Peripheral vascular disease that is caused by atherosclerosis * common and serious problem affecting 15-20% of adults over 70

Answer 28

Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)

Question 29

Decrease in the number of disease fighting white blood cells in the blood

Answer 29

Leukopenia

Question 30

Potentially life-threatening infection from bacteria entering the bloodstream

Answer 30

Sepsis

Question 31

Abnormally small number of platelets circulating in the blood

Answer 31

Thrombocytopenia

Question 32

*Fatty substance that travels through the blood and is found in all parts of the body * excessively high levels of some types of can lead to heart disease

Answer 32

Cholesterol

Question 33

*Type of cancer characterized by a progressive increase in the number of abnormal leukocytes found in blood forming tissues, other organs, and in the circulating blood

Answer 33

Leukemia

Question 34

Lower than normal number of erythrocytes in the blood causing fatigue and shortened of breath

Answer 34

Anemia

Question 35

* High blood pressure * Elevation of arterial pressure to a level that is likely to cause damage to the CV system

Answer 35

Hypertension

Question 36

* Lower than normal arterial blood pressure * Symptoms include dizziness, fainting and light-headedness

Answer 36

Hypotension

Question 37

*postural hypotension *Low blood pressure that occurs upon standing up and remains low as long as the patient remains standing

Answer 37

Orthostatic Hypotension

Question 38

* High blood pressure * Elevation of arterial blood pressure to a level that is likely to cause damage to the CV system

Answer 38

Hypertension

Question 39

What is normal Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)?

Answer 39

less than 120

Question 40

What is normal Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)?

Answer 40

less than 80

Question 41

What is considered prehypertension in the systolic pressure (mm Hg)?

Answer 41

between 120 and 139

Question 42

What is considered prehypertension in the diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

Answer 42

between 80 and 89

Question 43

What is considered Stage 1 Hypertension in the systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)?

Answer 43

between 140 and 159

Question 44

What is the Stage 1 Hypertension in the Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)?

Answer 44

between 90 and 99

Question 45

What is Stage 2 Hypertension in the systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

Answer 45

160 or higher

Question 46

What is stage 2 Hypertension in the Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

Answer 46

100 or higher