Pathology of the Adnexa ch 45 Flashcards

1
Q

PID is an inclusive term for all pelvic infections:

A
  • Endometritis
  • Salpingitis
  • Hydrosalpinx
  • Pyosalpinx
  • Periovarian Inflammation
  • Tubo-Ovarian Complex
  • Tubo-Ovarian Abscess
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2
Q

PID and endometriosis are

A

diffuse disease processes of the female pelvic cavity.

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3
Q

Most commonly, PID is caused by

A

sexually transmitted diseases including gonorrhea and chlamydia.

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4
Q

Uncommonly, PID can also be caused by

A

ruptured appendix and peritonitis.

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5
Q

Sonography is of limited value during

A

acute PID, or early onset, when inflammatory changes have not yet begun to manifest.

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6
Q

In chronic PID, ultrasound can identify

A

dilated fallopian tubes (hydrosalpinx or pyosalpinx), an abscess, or complex intraperitoneal fluid.

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7
Q

PID occurs in

A

11% of young women during reproductive age, with peak incidence at 20 to
24 years

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8
Q

Risk factors of PID

A
  • Early sexual contact
  • Multiple sexual partners
  • History of STI
  • Previous history of PID
  • Intrauterine Contraceptive Device (IUD)
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9
Q

Clinically, patients may present with

A

intense pelvic pain and tenderness described as dull and aching, with constant vaginal discharge.

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10
Q

Vaginitis is the

A

most common initial clinical presentation of the early stages of PID.

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11
Q

Other symptoms include

A

fever, pain in right upper abdomen, painful intercourse, irregular menstrual bleeding.

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12
Q

Endometritis sonograph

A

thickening or fluid in endometrium

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13
Q

Periovarian inflammation sonograph

A

enlarged ovaries with multiple cysts, indistinct margin

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14
Q

Salpingitis sonograph

A

nodular thickening, irregularity of tube with
diverticula

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15
Q

Pyosalpinx or hydrosalpinx sonograph

A

fluid-filled irregular fallopian tube with or without echoes

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16
Q

Tubo-ovarian abscess sonograph

A

complex mass with septations, irregular margins, internal echoes; usually in cul-de-sac

17
Q

salpingitis

A

Inflammation of fallopian tube

18
Q

salpingitis clinical

A

ranges from asymptomatic to pelvic fullness or discomfort

19
Q

salpingitis sono

A

dilated tube, could be tortuous

20
Q

Hydrosalpinx

A

Obstructed tube filled with serous secretions

21
Q

Hydrosalpinx Occurs secondary to PID, endometriosis, or postoperative adhesions

A
22
Q

Hydrosalpinx clinical

A

ranges from asymptomatic to pelvic fullness or discomfort

23
Q

Hydrosalpinx sono

A

walls become thin due to dilatation, appearance of multi-cystic or fusiform mass, follow dilated tubes from uterine fundus, ampullary portion more dilated than interstitial part of tubes

24
Q

Pyosalpinx

A

Retained pus in oviduct with inflammation

25
Q

Pyosalpinx clinical

A

asymptomatic to pelvic fullness or discomfort, low-grade fever

26
Q

Pyosalpinx sono

A

may appear as complex mass, pus within dilated tube very thick and echogenic

27
Q

Tubo-Ovarian Abscess

A

Adhesive, edematous, inflamed serosa may further adhere to ovary and/or other peritoneal surfaces, which distorts anatomy.

28
Q

Tubo-Ovarian Abscess as infection worsens,

A

periovarian adhesions may form.

29
Q

Tubo-Ovarian Abscess Ovary cannot be separated from

A

inflamed dilated tube and called tubo-ovarian complex.

30
Q

Tubo-Ovarian Abscess usually responds

A

well to antibiotic treatment without need for surgical drainage

31
Q

Tubo-Ovarian Abscess serial ultrasound images during treatment allow

A

observation of resolution

32
Q

Peritonitis

A

inflammation of the peritoneum (the serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity and covering the viscera)

33
Q

Peritonitis if infectious process spreads to involve

A

bladder, ureter, bowel, and adnexal area, it becomes pelvic peritonitis.

34
Q

Peritonitis caused by

A

infectious organisms that gain access by way of rupture or perforation of viscera or associated structures; via the female genital tract; by piercing abdominal wall; via bloodstream or lymphatic vessels; via surgical incisions; or by failure to practice antiseptic techniques during surgery

35
Q

Sonographic Findings of Peritonitis

A
  • Gas-forming bubbles
  • Loculated areas of fluid within pelvis, paracolic gutters, mesenteric reflections
  • Evaluation of space between right kidney and liver and left kidney and spleen where free fluid can form
36
Q

TA or TVS guidance used for

A

aspiration of benign-appearing cysts

37
Q

TVS drainage helpful

A

in TOAs; other pelvic abscesses, such as appendicitis and diverticulitis;
drainage of postoperative fluid collections

38
Q

TVS also used in

A

obtaining biopsies for benign and malignant solid pelvic masses and to drain
recurrent malignant collections