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Respiratory > Pathology of Respiratory Tract Infections > Flashcards

Pathology of Respiratory Tract Infections Flashcards

1
Q

What are some upper respiratory tract infections?

A 
Coryza - common cold
Sore throat syndrome
Acute laryngotracheobronchitis (Croup)
Laryngitis
Sinusitis
Acute Epiglottitis
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2
Q

What is acute epiglottitis?

A

When the epiglottis is inflamed and swollen

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3
Q

What can acute epiglottitis be caused by?

A

Group A beta-haemolytic streptococci
Haemophilus influenzae
Parainfluenza virus type 4

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4
Q

Name some lower respiratory tract infections

A

Bronchitis
Bronchiolitis
Pneumonia

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5
Q

What are some of the respiratory tract defence mechanisms?

A

Macrophage-mucociliary escalator system
General immune system
Respiratory tract secretions
Upper respiratory tract as a ‘filter’

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6
Q

What does the macrophage-mucociliary escalator system involve?

A

Alveolar Macrophages
Mucociliary Escalator
Cough reflex

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7
Q

How is pneumonia classified?

A

Anatomically
Aetiological
Microbiological

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8
Q

What are the aetiological classifications of pneumonia

A 
Community acquired pneumonia
Hospital acquired pneumonia
Pneumonia in the immunocompromised
Atypical pneumonia
Aspiration pneumonia
Recurrent pneumonia
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9
Q

What are the patterns of pneumonia?

A 
Bronchopneumonia
Segmental
Lobar
Hypostatic
Aspiration
Obstructive
Retention
Endogenous Lipid
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10
Q

What is bronchopneumonia?

A

Acute inflammation in the lungs so airways are filled with pus

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11
Q

What is lobar and segmental pneumonia?

A

When the organisms are more invasive and the material is washed around an anatomical area so that, for example, a whole lobe is effected

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12
Q

What is hypostatic pneumonia?

A

When a person has for other reasons a build up of things in the lung that gets easily infected

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13
Q

What are the possible outcomes of pneumonia?

A 
Mostly it is resolved 
Pleurisy 
Pleural effusion 
Empyema 
Organisation 
Lung abscess 
Bronchiectasis
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14
Q

What is pleurisy?

A

Inflammation of the pleura

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15
Q

What is pleural effusion?

A

Gathering of fluid in the pleural cavity

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16
Q

What is empyema?

A

When the fluid in the pleural cavity is infected

17
Q

What can cause a lung abscess?

A 
Obstructed bronchus 
Aspiration 
Strap aureus 
Some pneumococci 
Klebsiella 
Necrotic lung
18
Q

What is bronchiectasis?

A

Pathological dilatation of bronchi

19
Q

What can cause bronchiectasis?

A

Severe infective episode
Recurrent infections
Proximal bronchial obstruction
Lung parenchymal destruction

20
Q

What are the signs of bronchiectasis?

A 
Cough 
Abundant purulent foul sputum 
Haemoptysis 
Signs of chronic infection 
Coarse crackling breath sounds 
Clubbing of the finger nails
21
Q

When does bronchiectasis normally start?

A

75% start in childhood

22
Q

Where are aspirations most commonly found in the lung?

A

Apical segment of the right lobe

23
Q

What is the blood-air barrier?

A

Where gas exchange occurs

24
Q

What happens during type 2 respiratory failure?

A

The whole respiratory mechanism cant maintain enough gas coming in and out of the chest to blow of the CO2 in the circulations

25
Q

What are the PaO2 and PaCO2 levels in respiratory failure?

A

Type 1 - PaO2 is less than 8kPa and PaCO2 is normal or low

Type 2 - PaO2 is usually low and PaCO2 is more than 6.5kPa

26
Q

What are the 4 abnormal states associated with hypoxaemia?

A

V/Q imbalance
Diffusion impairment
Alveolar hypoventilation
Shunt

27
Q

What effect can long standing hypoxic disease have on the heart?

A

The right ventricle is over worked which can lead to disease

28
Q

What does hypoxaemia due to low V/Q respond well too?

A

Increasing FIO2

29
Q

What can be the causes of a pathological shunt?

A

Alveoli malformation
Congenital heart disease
Pulmonary disease

Respiratory (27 decks)

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