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Respiratory > Lower Respiratory Tract Infection > Flashcards

Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Flashcards

1
Q

What other illnesses does pneumonia have to be differentiated from?

A 
Tuberculosis
Lung cancer
Pulmonary embolism
Cardiac failure
Pulmonary vasculitis
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2
Q

What are the clinical features of Empyema?

A

Chest Pain
Absence of cough
High swinging fever

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3
Q

What pH of pleural aspiration is diagnostic of empyema?

A

Less that 7.2

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4
Q

What is done to investigate empyema?

A

CT thorax

Pleural ultrasound

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5
Q

What is the treatment for empyema?

A

Chest drain
Intravenous antibiotics
Surgery if gets worse

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6
Q

What can pneumonia cause?

A

Lung abscess

Empyema

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7
Q

What are the potential causes of Bronchiectasis?

A 
Immotile Cilia Syndrome
Cystic fibrosis
Childhood infections such as measles
Hypogammaglobulinaemia
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis (ABPA)
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8
Q

What are the symptoms of bronchiectasis?

A 
Chronic cough 
Daily sputum production 
Wheeze 
Dyspnoea 
Tiredness 
Flitting chest pain 
Haemoptysis
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9
Q

What are the signs of Bronchiectasis?

A

Finger clubbing

Course inspiratory crepitations

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10
Q

How is bronchiectasis investigated?

A 
HRCT thorax 
Sputum culture 
Serum immunoglobulins 
Total IgE and aspergillus precipitins 
CF genotyping
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11
Q

What is the treatment of bronchiectasis?

A

Chest physiotherapy
Antibiotics
Inhaled beta2 agonist
Inhaled corticosteroid

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12
Q

What different type of microbiological diagnostic techniques are there?

A

Microscopy and culture of sputum and blood
Antigen detection methods
Nucleic acid amplification (PCR)
Serology

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13
Q

Which organisms are the atypical causes of lung infection?

A

Legionella pneumophila
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Chlamydia psittaci
Coxiella burnetti

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14
Q

What are the symptoms of pneumonia?

A 
Malaise 
Fever 
Chest pain 
Cough 
Purulent sputum 
Dyspnoea 
Head ache
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15
Q

What are the signs of pneumonia?

A

Pyrexia
Tachypnoea
Central cyanosis
Dullness on percussion of affected lobe(s)
Bronchial breath sounds
Inspiratory crepitations over the area of the lung thats affected
Increased vocal resonance

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16
Q

What are the compulsory investigations for pneumonia?

A

Chest radiograph

Blood cultures

17
Q

What is the investigation for pneumonia made up of?

A 
Serum biochemistry and full blood count
Chest X-Ray 
Blood cultures
Throat swab
Urine specimen
18
Q

What organism is the most common cause of pneumonia?

A

Strep Pneumoniae

19
Q

What does CURB 65 stand for?

A 
C - confusion 
U - blood urea > 7 
R - Respiratory rate > 30 
B - Diastolic blood pressure < 60
65 - age > 65
20
Q

What are the common complications of pneumonia?

A 
Septicaemia
Acute Kidney Injury 
Empyema
Lung Abscess  
Haemolytic anaemia 
ARDS
21
Q

How is a lung abscess investigated?

A

With a CT thorax and sputum culture

22
Q

What is the treatment for a lung abscess?

A

Prolonged antibiotics

23
Q

What is bronchiectasis?

A

Dilated and damaged bronchi

24
Q

What are the microbiological diagnostic techniques used?

A

Microscopy and culture of sputum and blood
Antigen detection methods
Nucleic acid amplification (PCR)
Serology

25
Q

What are the three major respiratory pathogens?

A

Strep pneumonia
Haemophilus influenzae
Moraxella catarrhalis

26
Q

What stain is used to test for tuberculosis?

A

ZN or auramine phenol stain

27
Q

What are AAFBs?

A

Strains that are resistant to decolorisation by acid and alcohol

28
Q

When is full identification of M. tuberculosis possible?

A

Once is has fully grown

29
Q

What is a quantitive culture?

A

A culture that gives the colony count to see how it responds to treatment

30
Q

What organisms are not easily cultured and are the atypical causes of LRTIs?

A

Legionella pneumophila
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Chlamydia psittaci
Coxiella burnetti

31
Q

Which antigens can be detected in urine?

A

Legionella and pneumococcal antigen

32
Q

Where are viruses antigens detected?

A

In nasopharyngeal secretions

33
Q

What respiratory viruses are screened for in a multiplex assay?

A 
Influenza A and B
Adenovirus
RSV
Parainfluenza viruses
Metapneumovirus
Coronavirus
Rhinovirus

Respiratory (27 decks)

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