Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Resp. > Pathology of Pulmonary Infection > Flashcards

Pathology of Pulmonary Infection Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 factors which influence lung infections?

A
  • micro-organism pathogenicity

- capability of organism to resist infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what different categories of micro-organism are there?

A
  • primary
  • facultative
  • opportunistic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what does infection depend on ?

A

pathogenicity of pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

is the URT/LRT sterile/non sterile?

A

URT- non sterile

LRT- sterile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are common URT infections and what is the main pathology of them? (6)

A

-Coryza (common cold)
-sore throat syndrome
-sinusitis
-laryngitis
-acute epiglottitis
-acute laryngotracheobronchitis (croup)
main pathology = inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is acute epiglottitis?

A

inflammation of the epiglottis & of the tissues surrounding the epiglottis- leads to swelling of the epiglottis and obstruction of airways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what micro-organisms cause acute epiglottitis?

A
  • Group A alpha haemolytic Streptococci

- Haemophilus Influenzae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are 3 LRTI?

A
  • bronchitis
  • bronchioitis
  • pneumonia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 4 main respiratory tract defence mechanisms ?

A
  • macrophage mucociliary escalator system
  • general immune system- humeral and cellular
  • respiratory tract secretions
  • URT as a filter (nose catches particles)
  • -> failure in any of these systems increases risk of respiratory tract infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the surface of the URT like?

A

it is moist and lined with respiratory epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are 2 factors which play an important function in the mucociliary escalator?

A
  • humidity

- temperature of air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the mucociliary escalator composed of and what does it do?

A
  • alveolar macrophages
  • mucociliary escalator
  • cough reflex

it clears particles from the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how does the mucociliary escalator work?

A

cilia from ciliated cells lines the respiratory epithelium and transports layer of mucous out of the lungs - they beat in a coordinated fashion so as to move the mucous upwards and out of the lungs
We then swallow most of what is removed from lungs from mucociliary escalator
This system is used by alveolar macrophages - when they encounter foreign material they phagocytose it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is an alternative pathway for macrophages containing phagocytosed material to use apart from the mucociliary escalator?

A

pass alveolar wall and get into interstitial lymphatic system where they travel into regional lymph nodes & exit lungs that way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what happens to the mucociliary escalator in viral infections?

A

it fails

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what can happen in severe/ very severe infections cilia function ?

A

cilia function becomes abnormal/ cilia is stripped off completely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is pneumonia?

A

It is an inflammatory condition of the lung primarily affecting the lung tissue (alveoli)

18
Q

what are the 3 classifications of pneumonia?

A
  • Anatomical: from radiology
  • Microbiological: state cause of pneumonia according to a specific organism causing it
  • Aetiological: predict likely circumstance that caused it
19
Q

what are some aetiological categories of pneumonia?

A
  • community acquired pneumonia
  • hospital acquired pneumonia ; likely to be a lot more aggressive
  • pneumonia in immunocompromised
  • atypical pneumonia; unusual infectious agents
  • aspiration pneumonia; result of inhalation of gastric contents /food material from vomit
  • recurrent pneumonia
20
Q

What are the different patters of pneumonia?

A
  • Bronchopneumonia
  • Segmental
  • Lobar
  • Hypostatic
  • Aspiration
21
Q

what ties segmental and lobar pneumonia in common?

A

a whole anatomical area of the lung is involved in infection

22
Q

what is hypostatic pneumonia?

A

Where a patient has an accumulation of fluid and secretion in the lung, usually due to bronchitis / pulmonary oedema due to cardiac failure
Most often occurs to people who are confined to supine position for long periods aka elderly, due to gravity

23
Q

what is aspiration pneumonia?

A

Inhalation of vomit into LRT- goes into right main bronchus and if lying flat, then into apical segment of right lower lobe (most common place where aspiration pneumonia is seen)

24
Q

How may bronchopneumonia come about ?

A

If acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis - will have bronchopneumonia

25
Q

What is the pathology of bronchopneumonia?

A

acute inflammation –> lung tissue and airways get surrounded with pus, neutrophils & inflammatory exudate

26
Q

What are classic features of bronchopneumonia, seen on CXR?

A

-basal
-bilateral
often bilateral basal opacification

27
Q

Describe lobar pneumonia

A

Organisms are inhaled and land in terminal respiratory bronchial area. Organisms that cause lobar pneumonia are more aggressive and more invasive & cause more of a tissue reaction such that when inflammatory exudate leaks out it washes organisms throughout whole segment of lung until stopping at pleura- end up with consolidation of entire lobe (airless)

28
Q

what are the possible outcomes of pneumonia?

A
  • resolve with antibiotics
  • abscess formation
  • organisation: formation of mass lesion, cryptogenic organising pneumonia, constrictive bronchiolitis
  • pleurisy, pleural effusion, empyema
  • bronchiectasis
29
Q

What is a pleural effusion and what happens if it becomes infected?

A

fluid in pleural space . If infected –> empyema

30
Q

What is organisation?

A

Inflammatory process- if inflammatory area doesn’t disappear, will be turned into fibrous (scar) tissue

31
Q

What is a lung abscess?

A

necrosis of the pulmonary tissue & formation of cavities containing necrotic debris/fluid (pus) caused by microbial infection

32
Q

What are 3 situations which lead to abscess formation?

A
  • Obstructed Bronchus (tumour): tumour growing will destroy & block efforts of mucociliary escalator to clear lung of various materials, hence higher risk of pathogens descending down into the lungs and causing infection –> abscess formation (or necrosis ?)
  • Aspiration Pneumonia- most likely to lead to abscess formation, because of acid and other things inhaled
  • Particular Organism- staph aureus, some pneumococci, klebsiella; by destruction of tissue
33
Q

What is bronchiectasis and how does it come about?

A

Long term condition where the airways of the lungs become abnormally widened. This pathological dilatation may be due to:

  • severe infective episode
  • recurrent infections
  • proximal bronchial obstruction
  • lung parenchymal destruction
34
Q

what are the symptoms of bronchiectasis?

A

cough, abundant purulent sputum, haemoptysis, signs of chronic infection, crackles on inspiration & expiration, finger clubbing

35
Q

what investigation would you do for bronchiectasis?

A

CT thorax

36
Q

What is the treatment of bronchiectasis?

A

postural drainage, antibiotics, surgery (only if very localised)

37
Q

How does an empyema form?

A

if micro-organisms infect pleural fluid

38
Q

How do you distinguish between empyema and a simple pleural effusion?

A

Fluid should be collected with a needle and examined

39
Q

If the fluid in the pleural space is empyema, what do you do?

A

Complete drainage of the fluid is necessary- requiring a drainage catheter

40
Q

Why do antibiotics not work well in empyema?

A

because they do not penetrate well into the pleural cavity

41
Q

How are lung abscesses treated?

A

Long term antibiotics or drainage if necessary

Resp. (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions