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Respiratory > Pathology of Pulmonary Infection > Flashcards

Pathology of Pulmonary Infection Flashcards

1
Q

Lung infections are the outcome of which several opposing factors?

A

Microorganism pathogenicity
Capacity to resist infection
Population risk

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2
Q

What are some examples of upper respiratory tract infections?

A

Coryza - common cold
Sore throat syndrome
Croup
Laryngitis
Sinusitis
Acute epiglottis

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3
Q

Explain acute epiglottis

A

Inflammation of the epiglottis which blocks the flow of air into lungs causing difficulty swallowing

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4
Q

What microorganisms cause acute epiglottis?

A

Haemophilus influenzae
Group A beta-haemolytic streptococci
Rarely caused by parainfluenza virus type 4 but other viruses may be responsible

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5
Q

Give some examples of lower respiratory tract infections

A

Bronchitis
Bronchiolitis
Pneumonia

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6
Q

What are the respiratory tract defence mechanisms?

A

The macrophage muco-ciliary escalator system
General immune system
Respiratory tract secretions
Upper respiratory tract acts as a filter

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7
Q

What are 3 aspects involved in the macrophage muco-ciliary escalator system?

A

Alveolar macrophages
Muco-ciliary escalator
Cough reflex

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8
Q

Explain the partial clearance from the lungs?

A

The normal respiratory tract is sterile
Clearance from alveolar macrophage phagocytosis
Which either clear via the muco-ciliary escalator or interstitial pathway via lymph to lymph nodes

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9
Q

What are the aetiological classification of pneumonia?

A

Community acquired pneumonia
Hospital acquired (Nosocomial) acquired
Pneumonia in the immunocompromised
Atypical pneumonia
Aspiration pneumonia
Recurrent pneumonia

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10
Q

What is bronchopneumonia?

A

It is the acute inflammation of the bronchi, accompanied by inflamed patches in the nearby lobules of the lungs
Often bilateral basal patchy opacification, relating to the focal nature of
the consolidation

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11
Q

What is the pattern of pneumonia?

A

Bronchopneumonia, Segmental and Lobar
Hypostatic, Aspiration, Retention, Obstructive, Endogenous liquid

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12
Q

What are some complications of pneumonia?

A

Pleurisy, pleural effusion, empyema, organisation, lung abscess and bronchiectasis

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13
Q

What can be the result of organisation in pneumonia?

A

Mass lesion
COP - cryptogenic organising pneumonia
Constrictive bronchiolitis

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14
Q

What is pleurisy?

A

Inflammation of the pleura, thin layer of tissue that lines the lungs and chest wall.
Fibrinous pleural exudate

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15
Q

What is COP?

A

Cryptogenic organising pneumonia
Form of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia characterized by lung inflammation and scarring that obstructs the small airways and air sacs of the lungs
Organisation causes fibrosis of tissue in lungs

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16
Q

What can be the causes of lung abscesses?

A

Obstructed bronchus - tumour
Aspiration
Particular organism - staph. aureus, some pneumococci and Klebsiella
Metastasis in pyaemia
Necrotic lung

17
Q

What is bronchiectasis?

A

Pathological dilation of bronchi
Causes accumulation of excess mucus and bacteria resulting in frequent infections and breathing problems

18
Q

What are the main symptoms of bronchiectasis?

A

A persistent cough that brings up sputum, Shortness of breath, haemoptysis and signs of chronic infection
The symptoms tend to get worse if you develop an infection in your lungs

19
Q

What can cause the dilation of bronchi in bronchiectasis?

A

Severe Infective Episode
Recurrent Infections
Proximal Bronchial Obstruction
Lung Parenchymal (lung tissue) Destruction

20
Q

What are clinical signs of bronchiectasis?

A

Coarse crackles
Clubbing

21
Q

What is the examination and treatment of bronchiectasis?

A

Thin section CT
Treatment - Postural Drainage, Antibiotics, Surgery

22
Q

What are the complications of bronchiectasis?

A

Acute/ chronic suppuration - collection of pus
Haemorrhage

23
Q

How are the defences failing in recurrent lung disease?

A

Local bronchial obstruction - tumour or foreign body
Local pulmonary damage - bronchiectasis
Generalised lung disease - COPD, CF
Non-respiratory disease - immunocompromised

24
Q

What are some causes of aspiration pneumonia?

A

Vomiting
Oesophageal Lesion
Obstetric Anaesthesia
Neuromuscular Disorders
Sedation

25
Q

What are opportunistic infections?

A

Increased chance of ordinary infections
Infection by organisms not normally capable of producing disease in patients with intact lung defences - opportunistic pathogens

26
Q

What are some opportunistic pathogens?

A

Low grade bacterial pathogens
CMV
Pneumocystis jirovecii
Other fungi and yeats

Respiratory (24 decks)

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