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Respiratory > Non- Lung Cancer Thoracic Surgery > Flashcards

Non- Lung Cancer Thoracic Surgery Flashcards

1
Q

What are some causes for lung abscesses?

A

Aspiration (incl. foreign bodies), Pneumonia, PTE, Lung cancer and septic emboli

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2
Q

How does pneumonia cause a lung abscess?

A

Pneumonia develops due to blocked lobe
Infection then develops
This gives necrosis of tissue to make an abscess

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3
Q

What happens when the lung abscess bursts into pleural cavity?

A

Empyema which causes sudden onset of chest pain

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4
Q

How do you remove a lung abscess?

A

Drain is inserted
Chunk of rib taken out

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5
Q

What is a retroperitoneal abscess?

A

In space where the pancreas lies
Related to pancreas infection
Muscle is enlarged and abscess need drained

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6
Q

What are the causes of empyema thoracis?

A

Post pneumonic, post-operative, oesophageal, upper abdominal related, osteomyelitis and pot-traumatic

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7
Q

Explain pleurectomy

A

Is done to remove part of the pleura

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8
Q

Explain decortication

A

Removal of surface layer of the lung - the layer restricting lung expansions
Happens for empyema and pleural thickening

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9
Q

What are the different types of thymic tumours?

A

Thymoma, thymolipoma, thymic carcinoma, carcinoid tumours of the thymus and lymphoma

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10
Q

What is a thymoma?

A

Rare malignancy
Forms from cells of epithelium of thymus

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11
Q

What is a thymolipoma?

A

Mostly asymptomatic and benign
Are thymoma + lymphoma

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12
Q

What is a thymic carcinoma?

A

Rare and aggressive
Derived from thymic epithelium cells
Tend to invade locally

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13
Q

What is a carcinoid tumour of the thymus?

A

Carcinoid is a slow growing tumour
Usually not curable by surgery

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14
Q

Why would a patient need tracheal surgery?

A

Repair of iatrogenic injury
Tracheal tumours - salivary gland tumours or squamous carcinomas

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15
Q

What are some benign lung tumours?

A

Hamartoma, Fibroma, lipoma, Neural tumours, Papillomas and chondroma
Possible carcinoid

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16
Q

Why should neural tumours be removed?

A

Tumour can invade intercostal, phrenic, vegus nerve or sympathetic trunk.
Can be malignant also

17
Q

What is the most common benign lung tumour?

A

Hamartoma

18
Q

What benign lung tumours should be removed as can grow too big?

A

Fibroma and Lipoma

19
Q

What is a primary pneumothorax?

A

No primary abnormality

20
Q

What is a secondary pneumothorax?

A

A pneumothorax in a patient who has COPD or pulmonary fibrosis (underlying lung disease)
Usually widespread pneumothorax

21
Q

What is the difference between recurrent vs persistent pneumothorax?

A

Recurrent is when the patient has had 2 or more
Persistent is when the air leak wont stop

22
Q

What is an open pneumothorax?

A

Occurs when air accumulates between the chest wall and the lung as the result of an open chest wound or other physical defect
Inefficient ventilation
Rag with water over hole to prevent air coming in

23
Q

What happens to structures in thoracic cavity when there is a tension pneumothorax?

A

Heart and structures move to other side from collapsed lung due to the build up of pressure - air is leaving the lung but nothing is going back in

24
Q

How would you treat a patient with bilateral pneumothorax?

A

Drains are inserted into both sides
Surgery with talc pleurodesis to prevent recurrence - one lung at a time and talc is sprayed
If bulla then stapled

25
Q

What is the treatment for spontaneous haemopneumothorax?

A

Lung has collapsed and teared chest adhesion
Bleeding in 50% stops themselves
Bullectomy and talc pleurodesis

26
Q

What is bullous lung disease?

A

Abnormal air space that is more than 2cm in diameter Under 2cm is a bleb

27
Q

What happen in bullous lung disease if patients goes on aircraft?

A

Aircraft caused pressure so bullous doubles in volume
Can cause pneumothorax or tearing of veins
Air can embolise in veins so can end in brain and cause stroke

28
Q

What are the indications for surgery in a pneumothorax?

A

Recurrence
Persistence
Sometimes can be given after 1 episode if driver or army - international travel

29
Q

What is the surgery for pneumothorax?

A

Pleurodesis
Pleurectomy

30
Q

Explain bronchogenic cysts?

A

Present from birth
Cause symptoms by pressing on trachea or oesophagus - dysphagia or stridor

31
Q

What is the name of the group of cysts that bronchogenic cysts belong to?

A

Foregut duplication cysts

32
Q

What respiratory disease may need a lung transplant?

A

CF, Pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency)

33
Q

Is CF a double or single transplant?

A

Need double lung transplant
due to bronchiectasis
Causes repeated infections

34
Q

What are the indications for a lung transplant?

A

Under 65, not overweight, not diabetic, no renal failure, no mental illness and good social support

Respiratory (24 decks)

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