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Cardiology > Pathology of ischemia and infarction > Flashcards

Pathology of ischemia and infarction Flashcards

1
Q

What can cause ischemia?

A

Reduced blood flow

  • CA obstruction
  • Tachycardia (dec diastole)
  • Dec CO

Increase in myocardial demand

  • Inc workload
  • Hypertrophy
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2
Q

In what direction does coronary blood flow and when?

A

Epicardium to endo and during diastole

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3
Q

What kind of necrosis occurs with severe/irrev ischemia?

A

Coagulative or contraction band necrosis (if reperfused)

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4
Q

What happens in the first 20-40 minutes of ischemia?

A

Predominantly functional changes

  • Anaerobic glycolysis begins
  • Cessation of contraction
  • Altered electrical activity
  • Relaxation of myofibrils–>stretch (contraction of adj cells)

–>myocytes begin to die 20 min after loss of perfusion

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5
Q

Are early changes of ischemia reversible?

A

Reversible by reperfusion for up to 20-40 min

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6
Q

What happens after 20-40 min of ischemia

A

Becomes severe/irrev ischemia leading to necrosis

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7
Q

What happens 1-3 days after severe ischemia?

A

Necrosis followed by phagocytosis

-polys then macrophages

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8
Q

What happens weeks to months after severe ischemia?

A

healing by replacement with granulation tissue progress to scar

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9
Q

What is prinzmetal’s/variant angina?

A

Cardiac pain occurring at rest/during sleep. Due to vasospasm,

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10
Q

What are acute coronary syndromes?

A

unstable angina, acute MI, sudden death

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11
Q

What causes acute coronary syndromes?

A

Acute plaque changes like a rupture wiht superimposed thrombus

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12
Q

What are the properties of a plaque susceptible to rupture?

A

Thin fibrous cap, lots of lipid, less muscle and/or more inflammation. Disruption of the plaque leads to a superimposed thrombus that can be occlusive or non occlusive

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13
Q

Consequences of incomplete obstruction by a thrombus

A

Unstable Angina

Subendo MI

Sudden Death

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14
Q

Consequences of complete obstruction by a thrombus

A

Lethal injury in 15-30 minutes in subendocardium, then injury progresses through endocardium in waves that may take 4-6 hours

Transmural MI

Sudden Death

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15
Q

Consequences of vasospasm

A

Can contribute to narrowing

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16
Q

What are the 2 possible fates of non-lethal thrombi?

A
  • Can become organized and incorporated into the plaque, contributing to narrowing
  • Can be lysed spontaneously or medically
17
Q

What happens microscopically in acute MI in minutes?

A

Thin, wavy/stretched myocytes

  • still have nuclei and cross striations
  • lack of contractile fxn
18
Q

What happens microscopically in acute MI in 6-24 hours?

A

Coagulative necrosis:

  • loss of nuclei
  • cross striations
  • hypereosinophelia
19
Q

What happens microscopically in acute MI in 6hr-3 days?

A

Infiltration by polys

20
Q

What happens microscopically in acute MI in 7-10 days?

A

Infiltration by macrophages for clearance

21
Q

What happens microscopically in acute MI in max 2-4wks?

A

Ingrowth of granulation tissue

22
Q

What happens microscopically in acute MI in 8-10 wks

A

Development of collagenized scar (advanced scar in months to years)

23
Q

In which direction does ultimate scar formation occur?

A

From the periphery of the affected area towards the center. It is dependent on the migration of inflammatory cells and neovascularization of neighboring collateral vessels

(ie can have a scar on the outside and necrosis in the center because the outer layer has progressed faster than the inner)

24
Q

After how long can gross changes be identified in an acute MI?

A

No gross changes in the first 12 hours

25
Q

How do we determine where the infarct is within the hours of no gross changes?

A

Stain for LDH which is present in alive tissue only

26
Q

Gross image at 12-24 hours

A

Dark mottling (trapped deoxy blood)

27
Q

Gross image at 1-3 days

A

Progressive tan-yellow pallor (necrosis)

28
Q

Gross image at 3-10 days

A

Hyperemic border (reactive hyperemia–>brings all of the inflamm agents, polys) with softened yellow, progressively depressed, pale necrotic center

29
Q

Gross image at 10-14 days

A

Grey-red depressed periphery (Advancing granulation tissue)

30
Q

Gross image at 2-8 wks

A

Grey-white scar progressing from periphery to center

31
Q

Consequences of reperfusion after ischemic injury

A
  1. rescue of nonlethally injured myocytes
  2. alter pattern of necrosis via contraction band necrosis
  3. cause additional reperfusion injury
32
Q

What is contraction band necrosis?

A

Cells have already undergone ischemia but are reperfused before coagulative necrosis. When myocardium is reperfused, it is overly leaky. It gets flooded with Ca leading to hypercontraction of myofibrils

-this is a marker for reperfusion

33
Q

What is reperfusion injury?

A

Myocardium that was not lethally injured gets reperfused and dies because of ROS leading to permeability changes in the mitochondria. Messes with the microvessels and can be associated with myocardial interstitial hemorrhage (white to red infarct)

34
Q

Danger in evaluating impaired contractility

A

Amt of irrev injured myocardium may be overestimated due to stunning and hibernation

35
Q

Complications of MI

A
  • Dysrhythmias
  • Contractile dysfunction leading to pul edema or cardiogenic shock
  • Mural thrombus with or w/o embolization
  • Mitral valve regurge
  • Pericarditis (autoimmune, usually transmural, associated with inflammation–>friction rub due to fibrinous exudate on epicardial surface)
  • Ventricular rupture of free wall, IV septum, pap m–>tamponade
  • Aneurysm
  • Remodeling (infarct expansion, distortion by scar, hypertroph of remaining myoc, chamber dilation, interference w mitral valve)
  • TGF beta and ACEi and ARBs have a possible role
36
Q

Why do aneurysms form with MI?

A

Late complication of transmural MI due to progressive outward bulging and thinning of the area of forming a non contractile scar

Cardiology (16 decks)

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