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Cardiology > Histology plus > Flashcards

Histology plus Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the endocardium thicker?

A

Atrium

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2
Q

How are adhering jxns connected?

A

Actin filaments

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3
Q

What are purkinje cells?

A

Specialized cardiac myocytes connected via intercalated discs and gap jxns with fewer myofibrils and few mitochondria

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4
Q

What is the shape change associated with myocardium from endocardium to epicardium?

A

Longitudinal to oblique myocardium

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5
Q

What types of cells have intercalated disks?

A

Myocytes (connected in series) and purkinje fibers

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6
Q

What does titin attach to?

A

Connects thick filaments (myosin) to Z line

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7
Q

What is the difference between cardiac titin and skeletal titin?

A

Cardiac titin is shorter and stiffer. Can’t lengthen past passive tension, ensuring you don’t overstretch muscles

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8
Q

What is a thin filament?

A

2 strands of actin coiled together with tropomyosin and troponin

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9
Q

What is a thick filament?

A

About 200 myosin molecules

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10
Q

What is the Z line?

A

end of sarcomere

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11
Q

What is the I band?

A

Thin filaments only

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12
Q

What is the A band?

A

Thin and thick filaments

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13
Q

What is the M line

A

Middle of the sarcomere

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14
Q

What is the H zone

A

Myosin only

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15
Q

Which type of blood vessels only have intima?

A

capillaries

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16
Q

Aortic intima

A

Endothelium, connective tissue, internal elastic lamina

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17
Q

Aortic media

A

Many elastic laminae, much smooth m

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18
Q

Aortic adventia

A

Thinner than the media, external elastic lamina, vaso vasorum

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19
Q

Muscular artery intima

A

Endothelium, CT, internal elastic lamina

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20
Q

Muscular artery media

A

Some SM, no elastic laminae

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21
Q

Muscular artery adventia

A

Thinner than media, external elastic lamina is larger, fewer vas vasorum than aorta

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22
Q

Role of muscular arteries

A

Control regional blood flow (distributing vessels)

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23
Q

Arteriole intima

A

Endotehlium, CT, slight internal elastic lamina

24
Q

Arteriole media

A

sl SM

25
Q

Arteriole adventia

A

Very thin, no external elastic lamina or vaso vasorum

26
Q

Capillary intima

A

Endothelium, basement membrane only

–>capillaries only have intima

27
Q

Venule intima

A

Endothelium, sl CT

28
Q

Venule media

A

None, sl SM

29
Q

Venule adventia

A

Very thin, no EEL or vaso vasorum

30
Q

Vein intima

A

Endothelium, CT

31
Q

Vein Media

A

Some SM no elastic laminae

32
Q

Vein adventia

A

Thicker than media, no EEL, few vaso vasorum

33
Q

What do fibroblasts and smooth muscle have in common?

A

They both contribute to ECM

34
Q

How does the adventitia of small BVs differ from that of larger BVs?

A

Not separated from surrounding CTs as it is in larger BVs

35
Q

Why are elastic laminae of vessels perforated?

A

To allow for diffusion of nutrients

-Media is not well vascularized so receives nutrients by diffusion through intima

36
Q

What property of sm cells allows for its decrease in energy expenditure?

A

Tonic SM has very slow cross bridge turnover. It can also enter latch state in which tension is maintained without cycling of cross bridges (maintains T with little energy, constant stim by SNS)

37
Q

Compared to skeletal m, how does myosin bind in smooth muscle?

A

Binds with opposite polarity

38
Q

What are the secretory functions of smooth muscle cells?

A

Secrete collagen, elastin, EC matrix

–>all can be altered in disease

39
Q

Describe the process of contraction in sm cells

A

Ca/calmod complex–>MLCK–>RLC–>inc ATP binding capacity

40
Q

3 ways to increase Ca2+ in SM cells

A
  1. AP allows ca2+ to flow through plasma membrane via voltage sensitive channels
  2. Ligand to GCPR–>IP3 allows ca2+ to exit SR
  3. Stretch–>open Ca2+ channels in the plasma membrane
41
Q

What can reduce MLCK activity?

A
  1. Decrease of cytoplasmic Ca2+

2. Inactivation by ligand binding leading to inc in cAMP causes vasodilation (like epineph)

42
Q

What activates MLC phosphatase activity?

A

NO

Takes phos group off of the RLC

43
Q

What is the internal elastic lamina?

A

Boundary between intima and media

44
Q

Do veins have an external elastic lamina?

A

No!

45
Q

What layer do you look at to tell the dif between an artery and vein?

A

Media. Adventitia is thicker than the media

46
Q

What are the 4 types of capillaries?

A
  1. Continuous: tight jxns between endothelial cells, particles must pass through cytoplams and basal lamina to enter/exit lumen
  2. Fenestrated: endothelial cells have holes, basal lamina is continuous
  3. Discontinuous: Large gaps between endoth cells and basal lamina is incomplete
  4. Sinusoids: giant capillary, not really a type, often have discontinuous endothelium
47
Q

Where do you find fenestrated capillaries?

A

Kidney, endocrine organs

48
Q

Where do you find discontinuous capillaries?

A

Spleen, lymph nodes, liver

49
Q

What features allow for a greater degree and maintenance of contractility in smooth vs skel muscle?

A
  1. Proportion of actin to myosin is much higher
  2. SM lacks rigid organization into sarcomeres
  3. Myosin heads bind to a dif actin filament with opposite polarity
50
Q

List endothelial cell properties

A
  1. Anti/prothrombotic properties in all vessels
  2. Exchange of fluids, gases, solutes in capillaries
  3. Modulation of cell migration, inflammatory and immune (venules)
  4. Modulation of vasc SM contractility (arteries, arterioles)
51
Q

What does endothelial dysfxn result in?

A 
Abnormalities in vascular:
T=tone
G=growth
I=inflammation
F=fluidity
52
Q

List mcs that cause vasoconstriciton

A

Endothelin
Angiotensin II
Thromboxane A2
Acetylcholine

53
Q

List mcs that cause vasodilation

A

NO
Prostacyclin
Bradykinin
ACh

54
Q

What is the annuli fibrosa of the heart?

A
  • Composed of dense CT that forms aponeurosis
  • Serves as a support structure of valves and ventricles
  • Electrically isolates atria from ventricles
  • Fibrous skeleton is an attachment for the myocardium
55
Q

Role of delayed rectifier K+ channel

A

Repolarizes heart and therefore determines the maximum diastolic potential

56
Q

What ion causes the upstroke in automatic APs?

A

Calcium (T and L channels)

Cardiology (16 decks)

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