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Pathophysiology 321 Exam > Pathology of Infectious Diseases > Flashcards

Pathology of Infectious Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

These are important causes of death among elderly, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients, persons with chronic diseases, and patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs

A

Infectious Diseases

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2
Q

These are abnormal host proteins that are

A

Prions (PrP)

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3
Q

Prions cause these which can be transmitted via surgical procedures/blood transfusion, or can be familial or sporadic

A

Encephalopathies

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4
Q

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease and Mad Cow Disease are caused by

A

Prions

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5
Q

Normal PrP in neurons is ______ sensitive. Diseases cause PrP to become _______ resistant. Accumulation of abnormal PrP leads to neuronal/brain damage

A

Protease

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6
Q

These are intracellular parasites that depend on host cell for replication

A

Viruses

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7
Q

Cells infected with this virus have eosinophilic nuclear inclusion and smaller basophilic and cytoplasmic inclusions

A

Cytomegalovirus

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8
Q

Cells infected by this virus have large nuclear inclusions surrounded by a clear halo

A

Herpes Virus

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9
Q

Some viruses are _____ like adenovirus and rhinovirus

Some stay in the host cell for years like:

This one that keeps multiplying

This one that is non-replicating (latent) until reactivated

A

Transient

HBV

Herpes Virus

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10
Q

One form of herpes virus is _____ and when it enters the dorsal root ganglia it becomes ______ when reactivated

A

Chicken Pox

Shingles

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11
Q

Some viruses transform host cell into a benign or malignant tumor like….

A

HPV (benign warts and cervical carcinoma)

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12
Q

This aspect of a virus is determined by the presence of viral receptors on host cells

Other factors include cell type - specific transcription factors, chemicals and temperature

Viruses enter the host cell and replicate, having direct ______ effects, immune responses triggered to viral proteins, and infected cells may transform into benign/malignant cells

A

Tropism

Cytopathic

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13
Q

Which viral receptor of aids virus binds to CD4 T cells?

A

GP 120

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14
Q

Bacteria are ____, they have a cell membrane but no membrane bound nucleus or mitochondria

A

Prokaryotes

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15
Q

This type of bacteria has a thick cell wall, stains violet

This type of bacteria has a thin cell wall, no staining

A

Gram positive

Gram negative

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16
Q

This is the term for rod shaped bacteria

A

Bacilli

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17
Q

This is the term for spherical shaped bacteria

A

Cocci

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18
Q

Which tend to be nasty infections, aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Anaerobic

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19
Q

This type of bacteria can live inside or outside (aerobic and anaerobic)

This facultative bacteria is in skin

This is in the oral cavity

A

Facultative Bacteria

Staphylococcus

Streptococcus Mutans

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20
Q

These bacteria grow only inside host cells (aerobic only)

This is an STD

This is in the CNS

A

Obligate bacteria

Chlamydia

Rickettsia (Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever)

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21
Q

This describes a bacterias ability to produce disease

A

Virulence Factors

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22
Q

Adherence to host cells by bacteria is accomplished with..

A

Adhesins (pilli)

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23
Q

This type of toxin is an LPS in outer membrane of gram negative bacteria, triggering helpful and potentially harmful inflammatory response (high levels in septic shock, DIC)

A

Endotoxins

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24
Q

This type of toxins are enzymes in S. aureus cause cleavage of proteins to hold keratinocytes. (toxins superantigens)

A

Exotoxins

25
Q

These are eukaryotes with a membrane bound nucleus and organelles. They can grow as round yeast cells, filamentous hyphae, or dimorphic (thermal)

A

Fungi

26
Q

Fungi that will be at the hyphal at room temp and yeast at body temp are…

A

Dimorphic

27
Q

Superficial fungal infections (like oral candidiasis) are caused by _______

When it is in the skin

This is athlete’s foot

This is scalp ringworm

This is in the mucosa

A

Dermatophytes

Tinea

Tinea Pedis

Tinea Capitas

Candida Albicans

28
Q

These type of fungal infections spread systemically, and invade tissues

A

Deep

29
Q

This is the most common systemic fungal infection. It is found in soil, often associated with decaying bat guano or bird droppings

It is endemic in ___ and the ____ region

A

Histoplasmosis

Ohio and Mississippi River region

30
Q

Histoplasmosis is what type of fungi?

How does it spread?

A

Dimorphic, yeast at body temp and mold in a humid environment (soil with bird/bat excrement)

Airborne spores are inhaled to lungs

31
Q

Most cases of histoplasmosis are asymptomatic or mild (flulike symptoms, fever, cough 1-2 weeks)

_____ are present early, then _____ immunity develops in 2-3 weeks

A

Macrophages then T cell immunity

32
Q

This category of histoplasmosis is a self-limiting pulmonary infection, characterized by fever, cough, flu-like symptoms, 2 weeks, may have calcification of hilar lymph nodes

This type of histoplasmosis is the leading cause of vision loss in ages 20-40 but only 5% have vision loss. It can lead to histo spots on the retina.

A

Acute

Ocular

33
Q

This category of histoplasmosis is a less common pulmonary infection. Presen tin older, emphysematous men and the immunocompromised

A

Chronic

34
Q

This is a less common form of histoplasmosis, occurs in the immunocompromised and elderly. It spreads to extrapulmonary sites (spleen, adrenals, liver, kidneys, CNS)

Oral lesions appear red/white painful ulcerations, may appear malignant

A

Disseminated Histoplasmosis

35
Q

What is the treatment for acute histoplasmosis

What is the treatment for chronic histoplasmosis (required to prevent pulmonary damage)

What is the treatment for disseminated histoplasmosis (80-90% die without treatment)

A

Self limiting, no tx

Itraconazole

Amphotericin B-IV, itraconazole

36
Q

This is an uncommon fungal infection, found in soil, has a male predilection, inhaled, and most cases are asymptomatic. Occurs in a similar region as H. capsulatum, plus further north into Canada

A

Blastomycosis

37
Q

The area various species of this genus, found in mold indoors and outdoors

A

Aspergillosis

38
Q

This type of aspergillosis affects a normal host, and appears as an allergic reaction

A

Non-invasive

39
Q

This type of aspergillosis immuncompromised (AIDS, elderly), causes more extensive tissue damage

A

Invasive

40
Q

These are eukaryotes that are major causes of disease/death in developing countries. Examples include Trichomonas Vaginalis (STD), Giardia Lamblia (Montezuma’s Revenge), and Toxoplasma Gondii (from cat feces)

A

Protozoa

41
Q

This protozoan disease has no symptoms or mild flulike symptoms in the immunocompetent but is devastating for the developing fetus or the immunocompromised patient

It multiplies in the intestinal tract of ____

A

Toxoplasmosis

Cats

42
Q

What does toxoplasmosis cause in developing fetus and/or immunocompromised patient

A

Stillbirth, hearing loss, mental disability, or serious eye infections

43
Q

This group of helminth includes hookworms and trichinosis disease

A

Roundworms (nematodes)

44
Q

These are helminths that have a head with a ribbon of multiple flat segments. Found in fish, beef, and pork.

A

Tapeworms (cestodes)

45
Q

These are helminths that are leaf-shaped flatworms with prominent suckers, go to liver and lung

A

Flukes (trematodes)

46
Q

For host defenses, this area of the body has a tough keratinized barrier with low pH and fatty acids

A

Skin

47
Q

For host defenses, this area of the body has alveolar macrophages and a mucociliary elevator by bronchial epithelium and IgA

A

Respiratory System

48
Q

For host defenses, this area of the body has has acidic gastric pH, viscous mucous, pacreatic enzymes and bile, IgA, and normal flora

A

GI Tract

49
Q

This host defense has repeated flushing and acidic environment

A

Urogenital Tract

50
Q

This consists of mucous producing goblet cells and ciliated epithelium

The bugs get caught in mucous, move up towards the throat, and a swallowed/cleared

____ paralyzes the cilia

A

Mucociliary elevator

Smoking

51
Q

For bacterial resistance to immune defenses, proteins on the surface inhibit ____

Example: M protein on s. pyogenes

A

Phagocytosis

52
Q

Some bacterial proteins kill phagocytes or diminish their ____

Carbohydrate capsule makes them indigestable by ___

A

Oxidative Burst

PMNs

53
Q

For viral resistance to innate immune defenses, they produce molecules that inhibit _____, which are mediators of early host defense against viruses

They also block _____ in the host cell, favoring replication

A

Interferons

Apoptosis

54
Q

What category of disease can produce factors that decrease recognition of infected cells by CD4+ helper/CD8+ cytptoxic T cells?

A

Viruses

55
Q

This virus binds to MHC Class I and II proteins, impairing presentation to CD8 and CD4 cells

A

Herpes

56
Q

This virus infects leukocytes (CD4 cells, macrophages, dendritic cells) and compromises function

A

HIV

57
Q

This bodily response cause increased vascular permeability, leukocytic infiltration (neutrophils - PMNs), neutrophil enzyme cause liquefactive necrosis and abscesses (pus)

A

Suppurative Inflammation

58
Q

These 2 types of inflammation are bodily response of accumulation of activated macrophages called “epithelioid” cells, which may fuse to form giant cells, may have central caseous necrosis

Usually chronic inflammatory process, acute as response to viruses, intracellular bacteria, intracellular parasites

A

Mononuclear and Granulomatous Inflammation

Pathophysiology 321 Exam (4 decks)

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