Pathology of Infectious Diseases Flashcards
These are important causes of death among elderly, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients, persons with chronic diseases, and patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs
Infectious Diseases
These are abnormal host proteins that are
Prions (PrP)
Prions cause these which can be transmitted via surgical procedures/blood transfusion, or can be familial or sporadic
Encephalopathies
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease and Mad Cow Disease are caused by
Prions
Normal PrP in neurons is ______ sensitive. Diseases cause PrP to become _______ resistant. Accumulation of abnormal PrP leads to neuronal/brain damage
Protease
These are intracellular parasites that depend on host cell for replication
Viruses
Cells infected with this virus have eosinophilic nuclear inclusion and smaller basophilic and cytoplasmic inclusions
Cytomegalovirus
Cells infected by this virus have large nuclear inclusions surrounded by a clear halo
Herpes Virus
Some viruses are _____ like adenovirus and rhinovirus
Some stay in the host cell for years like:
This one that keeps multiplying
This one that is non-replicating (latent) until reactivated
Transient
HBV
Herpes Virus
One form of herpes virus is _____ and when it enters the dorsal root ganglia it becomes ______ when reactivated
Chicken Pox
Shingles
Some viruses transform host cell into a benign or malignant tumor like….
HPV (benign warts and cervical carcinoma)
This aspect of a virus is determined by the presence of viral receptors on host cells
Other factors include cell type - specific transcription factors, chemicals and temperature
Viruses enter the host cell and replicate, having direct ______ effects, immune responses triggered to viral proteins, and infected cells may transform into benign/malignant cells
Tropism
Cytopathic
Which viral receptor of aids virus binds to CD4 T cells?
GP 120
Bacteria are ____, they have a cell membrane but no membrane bound nucleus or mitochondria
Prokaryotes
This type of bacteria has a thick cell wall, stains violet
This type of bacteria has a thin cell wall, no staining
Gram positive
Gram negative
This is the term for rod shaped bacteria
Bacilli
This is the term for spherical shaped bacteria
Cocci
Which tend to be nasty infections, aerobic or anaerobic?
Anaerobic
This type of bacteria can live inside or outside (aerobic and anaerobic)
This facultative bacteria is in skin
This is in the oral cavity
Facultative Bacteria
Staphylococcus
Streptococcus Mutans
These bacteria grow only inside host cells (aerobic only)
This is an STD
This is in the CNS
Obligate bacteria
Chlamydia
Rickettsia (Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever)
This describes a bacterias ability to produce disease
Virulence Factors
Adherence to host cells by bacteria is accomplished with..
Adhesins (pilli)
This type of toxin is an LPS in outer membrane of gram negative bacteria, triggering helpful and potentially harmful inflammatory response (high levels in septic shock, DIC)
Endotoxins
This type of toxins are enzymes in S. aureus cause cleavage of proteins to hold keratinocytes. (toxins superantigens)
Exotoxins
These are eukaryotes with a membrane bound nucleus and organelles. They can grow as round yeast cells, filamentous hyphae, or dimorphic (thermal)
Fungi
Fungi that will be at the hyphal at room temp and yeast at body temp are…
Dimorphic
Superficial fungal infections (like oral candidiasis) are caused by _______
When it is in the skin
This is athlete’s foot
This is scalp ringworm
This is in the mucosa
Dermatophytes
Tinea
Tinea Pedis
Tinea Capitas
Candida Albicans
These type of fungal infections spread systemically, and invade tissues
Deep
This is the most common systemic fungal infection. It is found in soil, often associated with decaying bat guano or bird droppings
It is endemic in ___ and the ____ region
Histoplasmosis
Ohio and Mississippi River region
Histoplasmosis is what type of fungi?
How does it spread?
Dimorphic, yeast at body temp and mold in a humid environment (soil with bird/bat excrement)
Airborne spores are inhaled to lungs
Most cases of histoplasmosis are asymptomatic or mild (flulike symptoms, fever, cough 1-2 weeks)
_____ are present early, then _____ immunity develops in 2-3 weeks
Macrophages then T cell immunity
This category of histoplasmosis is a self-limiting pulmonary infection, characterized by fever, cough, flu-like symptoms, 2 weeks, may have calcification of hilar lymph nodes
This type of histoplasmosis is the leading cause of vision loss in ages 20-40 but only 5% have vision loss. It can lead to histo spots on the retina.
Acute
Ocular
This category of histoplasmosis is a less common pulmonary infection. Presen tin older, emphysematous men and the immunocompromised
Chronic
This is a less common form of histoplasmosis, occurs in the immunocompromised and elderly. It spreads to extrapulmonary sites (spleen, adrenals, liver, kidneys, CNS)
Oral lesions appear red/white painful ulcerations, may appear malignant
Disseminated Histoplasmosis
What is the treatment for acute histoplasmosis
What is the treatment for chronic histoplasmosis (required to prevent pulmonary damage)
What is the treatment for disseminated histoplasmosis (80-90% die without treatment)
Self limiting, no tx
Itraconazole
Amphotericin B-IV, itraconazole
This is an uncommon fungal infection, found in soil, has a male predilection, inhaled, and most cases are asymptomatic. Occurs in a similar region as H. capsulatum, plus further north into Canada
Blastomycosis
The area various species of this genus, found in mold indoors and outdoors
Aspergillosis
This type of aspergillosis affects a normal host, and appears as an allergic reaction
Non-invasive
This type of aspergillosis immuncompromised (AIDS, elderly), causes more extensive tissue damage
Invasive
These are eukaryotes that are major causes of disease/death in developing countries. Examples include Trichomonas Vaginalis (STD), Giardia Lamblia (Montezuma’s Revenge), and Toxoplasma Gondii (from cat feces)
Protozoa
This protozoan disease has no symptoms or mild flulike symptoms in the immunocompetent but is devastating for the developing fetus or the immunocompromised patient
It multiplies in the intestinal tract of ____
Toxoplasmosis
Cats
What does toxoplasmosis cause in developing fetus and/or immunocompromised patient
Stillbirth, hearing loss, mental disability, or serious eye infections
This group of helminth includes hookworms and trichinosis disease
Roundworms (nematodes)
These are helminths that have a head with a ribbon of multiple flat segments. Found in fish, beef, and pork.
Tapeworms (cestodes)
These are helminths that are leaf-shaped flatworms with prominent suckers, go to liver and lung
Flukes (trematodes)
For host defenses, this area of the body has a tough keratinized barrier with low pH and fatty acids
Skin
For host defenses, this area of the body has alveolar macrophages and a mucociliary elevator by bronchial epithelium and IgA
Respiratory System
For host defenses, this area of the body has has acidic gastric pH, viscous mucous, pacreatic enzymes and bile, IgA, and normal flora
GI Tract
This host defense has repeated flushing and acidic environment
Urogenital Tract
This consists of mucous producing goblet cells and ciliated epithelium
The bugs get caught in mucous, move up towards the throat, and a swallowed/cleared
____ paralyzes the cilia
Mucociliary elevator
Smoking
For bacterial resistance to immune defenses, proteins on the surface inhibit ____
Example: M protein on s. pyogenes
Phagocytosis
Some bacterial proteins kill phagocytes or diminish their ____
Carbohydrate capsule makes them indigestable by ___
Oxidative Burst
PMNs
For viral resistance to innate immune defenses, they produce molecules that inhibit _____, which are mediators of early host defense against viruses
They also block _____ in the host cell, favoring replication
Interferons
Apoptosis
What category of disease can produce factors that decrease recognition of infected cells by CD4+ helper/CD8+ cytptoxic T cells?
Viruses
This virus binds to MHC Class I and II proteins, impairing presentation to CD8 and CD4 cells
Herpes
This virus infects leukocytes (CD4 cells, macrophages, dendritic cells) and compromises function
HIV
This bodily response cause increased vascular permeability, leukocytic infiltration (neutrophils - PMNs), neutrophil enzyme cause liquefactive necrosis and abscesses (pus)
Suppurative Inflammation
These 2 types of inflammation are bodily response of accumulation of activated macrophages called “epithelioid” cells, which may fuse to form giant cells, may have central caseous necrosis
Usually chronic inflammatory process, acute as response to viruses, intracellular bacteria, intracellular parasites
Mononuclear and Granulomatous Inflammation
