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Pathophysiology 321 Exam > Environmental Diseases > Flashcards

Environmental Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

These are exogenous chemicals in the environment that are absorbed via inhalation, ingestion, and skin contact

A

Xenobiotics

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2
Q

In the metabolization of xenobiotics, during this phase, they undergo or reduction, via Cytochrome P450

A

Phase I

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3
Q

During this phase of metabolization of xenobiotics, they undergo sulfation and methylation.

What effect does this have?

A

Phase II

Turns the phase I product into water soluble products that are excreted

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4
Q

This system is located in the skin, GI mucosa, and every organ. It detoxifies and activates xenobiotics

Both reactions can result in…

A

Cytochrome P450

ROS

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5
Q

The cytochrome P450 System varies from person to person and is affected by (3)

A

Fasting, starvation
Alcohol
Smoking

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6
Q

This metal is the biggest exposure from lead paint

What population is more affected?

What can it cause?

It also can cause this, an excess pigmentation in the gingiva

A

Lead

Children moreso than adults (

Decreased IQ and anemia

Oral Lead Line

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7
Q

This is the biggest metal exposure in fish, and it has CNS effects.

It can lead to this disease which causes cerebral palsy, blindness, deafness

A

Mercury

Minamata Disease

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8
Q

This metal exposure is from herbicides and has effects on the CNS, cardiac system, and cancer

A

Arsenic

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9
Q

This metal is from batteries and fertilizers.

What does it cause?

A

Cadmium

It causes lung disease and kidney damage

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10
Q

Tobacco smoke contains this chemical, an alkaloid which is not carcinogenic but addictive

It binds to receptors in the brain, causing the release of _____ which increase heart rate and blood pressure

A

Nicotine

Catecholamines

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11
Q

These components of smoke are irritating (cause inflammation) and carcinogenic

A

Polycyclic Hydrocarbons

Nitrosamines

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12
Q

Smoking multiplies the risk of disease associated with other carcinogens. It is synergistic with:

This substance which causes oral cancer

This substance which causes lung cancer

A

Alcohol

Asbestos

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13
Q

Tobacco smoke causes increased artherosclerosis, MI, and stroke.

1/3 of this condition is associated with smoking

Smoking also increases the chance of cancers of the oral cavity, esophagus, pancreas, and bladder

A

MIs

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14
Q

Maternal smoking increases the risk of spontaneous ____ and _____

What is the #1 preventable cause of death?

Passive smoke causes how many times the risk of lung cancer?

Half of all smokers die of smoking related diseases

A

Spontaneous abortions and preterm births

Smoking

1.3x

“Pack years”, one pack daily for 20 years equals 20 pack years

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15
Q

Excess consumption of this substance causes physical and psychological damages, and 5-10% of those using it have a chronic problem

A

Alcohol

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16
Q

The amount of exhaled alcohol equals…

80mg/dL = what %?, which 8 beers or 12 oz of wine dependent upon weight and size of the individual

A

The amount in the blood

.08 (drunk driving limit!)

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17
Q

Blood alcohol is metabolized to ______ by 3 enzyme systems

The first enzyme is located in hepatocytes..

This system that when metabolizing alcohol, has reduced ability to metabolize acetaminophen and anesthetics

And finally, this enzyme

A

Acetaldehyde

Alcohol Dehydrogenase

Cytochrome P-450** ( important)

Catalase

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18
Q

A toxic effect of alcohol metabolism is that it results in decreased _____ which is required for fatty acid oxidation in the liver. Deficiency of this molecule will lead to fatty liver

A

NAD+

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19
Q

This toxic effect of alcohol metabolism involves the 50% of asians expressing a defective form of this enzyme, which leads to accumulation of acetaldehyde.

Symptoms include flushing, tachycardia, hyperventilation

A

Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase

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20
Q

This toxic effect of metabolism of ethanol in the liver produces ____

A

ROS

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21
Q

This toxic effect of alcohol metabolism stimulates TNF and cytokines, which cause cell injury

A

Endotoxin release

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22
Q

This type of alcoholisms mainly effects the CNS and has reversible hepatic effects

A

Acute Alcoholism

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23
Q

Acute effects of alcohol causes main effects In what system?

Alcohol is a depressant, it inhibits inhibitors. It results in stimulation of motor and intellectual behavior

At increased blood levels, it causes

It also has reversible _______ effects

A

CNS

Respiratory depression

Hepatic

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24
Q

This type of alcoholism leads to shortened lifespan due to liver, GI, CNS, and CV damage

A

Chronic Alcoholism

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25
Q

What is the main site of injury due to chronic alcoholism?

What occurs there?

A

Liver

Fatty change, alcoholic hepatitis, and cirrhosis aka heptacellular carcinoma

26
Q

Where does chronic alcoholism cause massive bleeding?

A

GI tract

27
Q

This effect of chronic alcoholism results in peripheral neuropathies.

It also causes this, characterized by confusion and memory disturbances

Note that chronic alcoholism also results in other nutritional deficiency

A

Thiamine Deficiency

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

28
Q

Chronic alcoholism (heavy consumption) can decrease HDLs, leading to…

One drink a day increases HDLs and inhibits platelet aggregation, a good thing! (cardioprotective)

Heavy consumption also causes…

A

Alcoholic Cardiomyopathy

Hypertension

29
Q

Chronic alcoholism can also cause inflammation of the pancreas, aka…

It also increases risk of cancers (oral, liver, esophagus, breast)

A

Pancreatitis

30
Q

Therapeutic drugs can cause injury, when it happens it is termed _______

What are the three examples?

A

Adverse Drug Reactions

Exogenous Estrogens and Oral Contraceptives

Acetaminophen Overdose

Aspirin Overdose

31
Q

This therapy uses estrogen with or without progestins, it is thought to be cardioprotective but current research does not support this.

What beneficial thing does it increase?

What does it increase chance of though?

What does it slow?

A

Hormone Replacement Therapy

Increases HDLs and

Thromboembolism, breast and endometrial cancers

Osteoporosis

32
Q

These exogenous estrogens are synthetic estradiol and a variable amount of progestin. NO proven increased risk of breast cancer. It does cause a slight increase in blood pressure

What cancers are they protective against?

As mentioned already, it increases risk of what?

A

Oral Contraceptives

Ovarian and Endometrial

Thromboembolism, but less than in pregnancy!

33
Q

Birth control pills combined with what is really bad and can lead to collapse?

A

Smoking!

34
Q

This drug is analgesic and antipyretic, and is metabolized via the P450 system.

Large doses can cause what?

A

Acetaminophen (Tylenol)

Hepatic Necrosis

35
Q

What is the therapeutic dose of acetaminophen?

What is the toxic dose? Symptoms include nausea, vomiting shock, then jaundice in a few days

Severe overdose leads to what?

A

.5g (500mg)

15g or greater is toxic

Liver Failure

36
Q

What is the first step of aspirin overdose?

Followed by this, which is fatal..

What is the fatal dose of aspirin?

A

Respiratory Alkalosis

Metabolic acidosis

10g or greater (2-4 in children)

37
Q

3gm or more daily of aspirin, 3 dose for chronic inflammatory conditions, can cause erosive gastritis, GI bleeding, headache, dizziness, confusion, tinnitus, nausea, vomiting, and can progress to convulsions and coma. This condition is called

A

Chronic Aspirin Toxicity

38
Q

Chronic overdose of aspirin may lead to bleeding tendency due to irreversible inhibition of _______ and blocking the production of ________

A

Cyclooxygenase, thromboxane A2

39
Q

This non-therapeutic drug produces intense euphoria and is the most addictive of all drugs, creating psychological dependence

What is the most powerful form of it?

A

Cocaine

Crack

40
Q

During an acute overdose of cocaine, CV effects include blocking of the reuptake of _______, tachycardia and MI

CNS effects include blocking the reuptake of ____, hyperthermia and seizures

A

Epinephrine

Dopamine

41
Q

Chronic use of coacine causes perforation of the ________ (snorters), decrease in the function of ______ (inhaling smoke) and dilated _________

A

Nasal Septum

The ungs

Cardiomyopathy

42
Q

This non-therapeutic drug is an addictive opioid, causing euphoria, hallucinations, and sedation. There is currently an epidemic of it among suburban students

A

Heroin

43
Q

T/F if you snort and don’t inject heroin, you don’t get addicted

A

False duh

44
Q

Adverse effects of heroin include _____ granulomas in the lungs

Damage to the ______

And can result in sudden death via MI and respiratory depression

A

Talcom Granulomas

Kidney Damage

45
Q

This non-therapeutic drug affects sensory perception and impairs motor coordination, but only lasts 4-5 hours

Continued use can lead to progression to cognitive and psychomotor impairments, it also increases heart rate and BP. Compared to tobacco cigarettes, it leads to a 3 fold increase in the amount of tar inhaled and retained in the lungs

A

Marijuana

46
Q

Signs of marijuana use include red eyes and activation of this cannabinoid receptor which causes an uncontrollable urge to snack

A

CB1R

47
Q

Marijuana can be beneficial for 2 things:

A

Decreases intraocular pressure in glaucoma

Relieves nausea due to chemotherapy

48
Q

This non-therapeutic drug is toxic and addictive, it leads to memory loss and aggression, cardiac and neural damage and has dental effects or rampant caries, dry mouth, attrition due to corrosiveness

The dental effects are termed

A

Methamphetamine

Meth mouth

49
Q

This mechanical trauma is a superficial wound produced by scraping, and it only involves the epidermal layer

A

Abrasions

50
Q

This mechanical trauma is causes a bruise from blunt trauma, from damage to a vessel and extravasation of blood into tissues

A

Contusion

51
Q

This is a tear cause by a blunt trauma, which has jagged and irregular borders

A

Laceration

52
Q

This mechanical trauma is inflicted by a sharp instrument

A

Incised Wound

53
Q

This mechanical trauma is caused by a long, narrow instrument

When it pierces the tissue and transverses the tissue to create an exit wound, (like a gunshot wound), it is deemed

A

Puncture Wound

Penetrating

54
Q

Electrical injury can be from low or high voltage, and leads to 2 types of injuries:

A

Burns, If current flow continues long enough, it generates enough heat to produce burns at the site of entry and exit as well as in the internal organs

Ventricular fib or cardiac/respiratory failure due to disruption of normal electrical impulses

55
Q

This is self induced starvation

This happens due to decreased secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone

The decreased release of this causes cold intolerance, bradycardia, and skin/hair changes

Cardiac arrythmia and sudden death can occur due to

A

Anorexia

Amenorrhea

Thyroid hormone

Hypokalemia

56
Q

This is binging on food and then induced vomiting

It can cause electrolyte imbalance, most notably _____

It can cause pulmonary aspiration of _____ contents

It can cause rupture of these two things

It also leads to erosion of …

A

Bulimia

Hypokalemia

Gastric Contents

Esophagus and stomach

Teeth

57
Q

This is a fat soluble vitamin that is 80% synthesized by the body, but sunlight is required. The other 20% is is obtained by the diet.

Its function is for calcium and phosphorus metabolism

A

Vitamin D

58
Q

A deficiency in this vitamin results in Rickets in children, meaning the epiphyses are not closed, and weak bending bones present with bow leggedness

It manifests as ______ in adults, with weak bones that fracture

First it is hypocalcemia, but then normal Ca happens due to increased _____ and then ______ happens

A

Vitamin D

Osteomalacia

Increased PTH, hypophosphatemia

59
Q

This is a water soluble vitamin that is not synthesized by the body and must be consumed in the diet. It activates enzymes for hydroxylation of collagen and is an antioxidant

A

Vitamin C

60
Q

Deficiency of this vitamin results in scurvy, bone disease in children, hemorrhages/healing defects in both adults and children

A

Vitamin C

61
Q

This is severe calorie restriction, with a body weight of

A

Marasmus

62
Q

This is a profound deprivation in proteins, moreso than caolories, and results in belly edema, fatty liver, flaky skin, and depigmentation

A

Kwashiorkor

Pathophysiology 321 Exam (4 decks)

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