Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Reproductive System Week 2 > Pathology Of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding > Flashcards

Pathology Of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding Flashcards

1
Q

Profuse or prolonged bleeding at the time of the period

A

Menorrhagia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Irregular bleeding between periods

A

Metrorrhagia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Menstrual cycle at intervals of less than 21 days

A

Polymenorrhea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Menstrual cycle length that is greater than 37 days

A

Oligomenorrhea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Absence of menses by 16 years of age (primary) or no menses for > 6 months (secondary)

A

Amenorrhea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Bleeding that happens more than 12 months after menopause

A

Post menopausal bleeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the organic causes of abnormal uterine bleeding?

A

They are reproductive tract disease: (4)

  1. Non-neoplasticism disorders of endometrium
  2. Premalignant: endometrial hyperplasia
  3. Malignant neoplasms
  4. Pregnancy -related:
    - Miscarriage
    - Ectopic
    - Trophoblast disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the non-organic or dysfunctional or hormonal causes of abnormal uterine bleeding?

A
  1. Anovulatory or dysfunction ovulation
  2. Iatrogenic —> IUD/ Drugs
  3. Systemic diseases —>
    A. Coagulopathy —> e.g Von willberand disease
    B. Ovarian —> PCOS, functional tumors
    C. Endocrine: thyroid, adrenal, pituitary
    D. Metabolic: obesity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the causes of adolescents AUB?

A
  1. Anovulatory cycle

2. Coagulation disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the causes of postmenopausal AUB?

A
  1. Endometrial atrophy

2. Anatomical lesions (carcinoma, hyperplasia,polyps)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the causes of AUB according to FIGO?

A

They are collected with mnemonic palm Coein
P—> polyp
A—> adenomyosis
L—> leiomyosis
M—> malignancy
C—> coagulopathy
O—> ovulatory dysfunction
E—> endometrial
I—> iatrogenic (for example, an intrauterian system)
N —> not otherwise specified (for example caesarean scar defects)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the main cause of prepubertal AUB?

A

Precocious puberty (hypothalamic, pituitary , or ovarian origin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the cause of AUB in perimenapausal ?

A
  1. Dysfunctional uterine bleeding
  2. Anovulatory cycle
  3. Anatomical lesions (carcinoma, hyperplasia, polyps)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the cause of AUB in reproductive age?

A
  1. Complications of pregnancy (abortion, trophoblastic disease, ectopic pregnancy)
  2. Anatomical lesions (leiomyoma, adenomyosis, polyps, endometrial hyperplasia, carcinoma)
  3. Dysfunctional uterine bleeding
  4. Anovulatory cycle
  5. Ovulatory dysfunctional bleeding —> e.g inadequate luteal phase)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Mention the steps that lead to bleeding in anovulatory cycles?

A
  1. Hormonal imbalances, alterations in hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian axis
  2. no positive estrogen feedback —> no LH midcycle surge
  3. No ovulation —> no corpus luteum —> no progesterone —> no secretory changes in endometrium
  4. Unopposed estrogen production continues —> overgrowth of endometrium —> thickened endometrium is fragile and bleeds easily
  5. In absence of progesterone —> defective vasoconstriction, hypoxia response, Hemostasis, and repair
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What do u see in anovulatory endometrium on biopsy?

A
  1. Stomal condensation
  2. Irregular proliferation
  3. Lack secretory changes
  4. Disordered proliferation endometrium
  5. Glands dilation
  6. Breakdown and hemorrhage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Is a complex endocrine disorder characterized by?

  1. Hyperandrogenism
  2. Menstrual abnormalities
  3. Polycystic ovaries
  4. Chronic anovulation
  5. Decreased fertility
A

Polycystic ovarian syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the characteristics of polycystic ovarian syndrome?

A
  1. Hyperandrogenism
  2. Menstrual abnormalities
  3. Polycystic ovaries
  4. Chronic anovulation
  5. Decreased fertility
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

With what is PCOS associated?

A
  1. Obesity
  2. Type 2 DM
  3. Premature atherosclerosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the cause of PCOS?

A

Etiology remains incompletely understood: a dysrrgulation of enzymes involved in androgen biosynthesis and excessive androgen production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the pathophysiology of PCOS leading to symptoms?

A

Increase LH —> stimulation of ovarian theca cells (hyperthecosis) —> increase androgens production —> hyperandrogenicity (hirsutism)

Decrease FSH relative to LH —>decrease granulosa cell aromatization of androgens to estrogens (normally a function of FSH

22
Q

What is a feature in histology that indicates:

Polycystic ovarian syndrome

A

Subcorticle follicle cysts that enlarges the ovaries —(due to)—> follicular arrest (lack of further maturation of follicle) leads to formation of these cysts

23
Q

PCOS features:

A
  1. Empty fluid filled cysts
  2. Attenuated granulosa - theca cells —covered by a dense fibrous capsule—
  3. Corpora lutea and corpora albicantia are absent because of lack of ovulation
24
Q

What are the non-organic causes of AUB in note they are 2

A
  1. PCOS

2. Granulosa cell tumor

25
Q

What happens in granulosa cell tumor?

A

May elaborate large amounts of estrogen

26
Q

What is happening in precocious girls (juvenile granulosa cell tumor) ?

A

Precocious sexual development

27
Q

What occurs in granulosa cell tumors in adults?

A
  1. Associated with proliferation breast disease
  2. Endometrial hyperplasia
  3. Carcinoma
28
Q

What are the organic causes of bleeding mentioned in the notes?

A
  1. Hydatiform mole
  2. Ectopic pregnancy
  3. Miscarriage
  4. Leiomyoma
  5. endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma
  6. endometriosis
  7. adenomyosis
  8. Chronic endometriosis
  9. Endometrial polyp
29
Q

Are exophytic masses of variable sizes that project into the endometrial cavity

A

Endometrial polyps (can be asymptomatic or may cause bleeding if they ulcerate or undergo necrosis)

30
Q

What AUB is associated with tamoxifen?

A

Endometrial polyp

31
Q

What is tamoxifen?

A

It is a therapy of hormone- positive breast cancer due to its anti-estrogen in activity

32
Q

With what is endometrial polyps associated?

A
  1. Tamoxifen
  2. HRT
  3. Lynch syndrome
33
Q

What we do to endometrial polyp?

A

We do polypectomy

34
Q

What we see in microscopy of endometrial polyp?

A
  1. Dilated glands

2. Thick vessels

35
Q

What is a disease that cause AUB and is associated with pelvic inflammatory disease?

A

Chronic endometriosis

36
Q

What are the bacteria most commonly cause chronic endometritis?

A
  1. Neisseriae gonorrheae

2. Chlamydia trachomatis

37
Q

How we diagnose chronic endometrititis?

A

The diagnosis rests on the identification of inflammatory cells in the stroma particularly plasma cells —> which are not seen in normal endometrium

38
Q

What is a thing that could injure the endometrium and induce chronic endometritis?

A

Intrauterine device

39
Q

Presence of endometrial tissue within the uterine wall (myometrium)?

A

Adenomyosis

40
Q

Is the presence of ectopic endometrial glands and stroma outside the uterus?

A

Endometriosis

41
Q 
A patient comes with?
Dysmenorrhea 
Pelvic pain 
Infertility 
Menstrual irregularities
A

Endometriosis

42
Q

Does endometriosis involve certain structures?

A 
Frequently involves pelvic structures”
Ovaries 
Pouch of dougles
Uterine ligament 
Tubes
43
Q

Endometriosis is a precursor to what?

A

May be precursor to ovarian carcinoma —> endometoid and clear cell types

44
Q

What is a feature of endometriosis?

A

Endometrial gland and stroma outside the endometrium

45
Q

What causes endometrial bleeding?

A

Endometrial lesions bleed periodically in response to both ovarian hormones and intrinsic hormonal production

This bleeding produces nodules with a red-blue to yellow - brown appearance.

With time organizing hemorrhage causes extensive fibrous adhesions between tubes, ovaries and other structures

Scaring my block the tubes and cause infertility

46
Q

What are the theories behind endometriosis?

A
  1. Regurgitation theory:
    Currently favored, proposes that menstrual back flow through the Fallopian tubes leads to implantation
  2. Benign metastasis theory:
    Holds that endometrial tissue from the uterus can spread to distant sites via blood vessels and lymphatics
  3. Meta plastic theory:
    Proposes that coelomic epithelium of (mesothelioma of pelvis and abdomen from which endometrium originates) undergoes endometrial differentiation
  4. Extra uterine stem/progenitor cell theory:
    Proposes that circulating stem / progenitor cells from the bone marrow differentiate into endometrial tissue
47
Q

When the dr keep the parts of miscarriage?

A

The diagnosis of retained products of conception is made by the pathologist when he/she identifies placental tissue +/- fetal parts

48
Q

What is hematosplanix?

A

Blood-filled Fallopian tube

49
Q

What is the most common cause of blood filled Fallopian tube?

A

Tubal pregnancy

50
Q

What causes bleeding in ectopic tubal pregnancy?

A

With time the growth of gestational sac distended the Fallopian tube, causing thinning of the wall and rupture
The rupture results in massive intraperitoneal hemorrhage

51
Q

Swollen graplike chorionic villi

A

Hydatiform mole

Reproductive System Week 2 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions