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OCTY2105 > Pathology: Neoplasms > Flashcards

Pathology: Neoplasms Flashcards

1
Q

Neoplasia =

A

New growth

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2
Q

Is a neoplasm an adaption?

A

NO, it needs mutations in the DNA (so that it can be a permanent change)

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3
Q

5 most common cancers in men

A
  1. Prostate
  2. Bowel
  3. Melanoma
  4. Lung
  5. Non-hodgkin Lymphoma
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4
Q

5 most common cancers in women

A
  1. Breast
  2. Bowel
  3. Melanoma
  4. Lung
  5. Uterine
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5
Q

Is proliferation reversible?

A

Yes, if stimulus is removed

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6
Q

Is metaplasia reversible?

A

Yes, if stimulus is removed

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7
Q

Is dysplasia reversible?

A

Yes - pre-neoplastic

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8
Q

Is neoplasia reversible?

A

NO - it’s an abnormal new growth, a permanent, genetic change

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9
Q

Cancer development (diagram)

A

See screenshot

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10
Q

How does cancer form?

A

By clonal expansion

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11
Q

How are cells transformed to cancer cells?

A

Through a series of mutations and DNA changes (carcinogen - agent that can transform cells)

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12
Q

Factors contributing to cancer development

A

Chemical carcinogen (e.g. cigarette smoke, hydrocarbons, aflatoxin, urethane)
Biological (viruses like EBV)
Physical (radiation, ionising, UV)

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13
Q

Molecular pathway leading to cancer (6)

A
  1. Faulty cell cycle genes
  2. Fault genes that control apoptosis
  3. Faulty DNA repair genes
  4. Gain of function of oncogenes
  5. Loss of function of tumour suppressor genes
  6. Mutations in growth factors/receptors controlling growth and differentiation
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14
Q

Bukitt’s lymphoma

A

Translocations active some oncogenes

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15
Q

Benign tumour suffix

A

oma (e.g. fibroma)

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16
Q

Malignant tumour suffix

A

sarcoma, carcinoma, adenocarcinoma

17
Q

Benign vs malignant

A

B: not cancerous/invasive
M: cancerous/invasive

18
Q

Cellular characteristics of malignancy: cellular pleimorphism

A

Increased variation in size and shape of cells

19
Q

Cellular characteristics of malignancy: nuclear pleimorphism

A

Increase in size and shape of nucleus

20
Q

Cellular characteristics of malignancy: nuclear hyperchromatism

A

Increased density of chromatin

21
Q

Cellular characteristics of malignancy: very active DNA

A

Increased nuclear cytoplasm ratio

22
Q

Cellular characteristics of malignancy: Anaplasia

A

Differing morphologically and functionally from cell of origin

23
Q

Benign vs Malignant: structure

A

B: well differentiated, typical of the tissue of origin. Little necrosis, plenty of support tissue (stroma)
M: undifferentiated, does not look like tissue of origin. Necrosis common, loose structure (poorly-formed stroma)

24
Q

Benign vs Malignant: mode of growth

A

B: Expansive, encapsulated
M: Infiltrated, expansive, invasive, not encapsulated

25
Q

Benign vs Malignant: rate of growth

A

B: Slow, little mitosis
M: May be rapid, lots of mitosis. Variable

26
Q

Benign vs Malignant: end of growth

A

B: May be spontaneous
M: Rare spontaneous stop to growth

27
Q

Benign vs Malignant: metastasis (present or not)

A

B: Absent
M: Diagnostic feature

28
Q

Benign vs Malignant: clinical significance

A

B: Usually not fatal - depends on situation, complications
M: Invasive, secondaries, infection, haemorrhage, cachexia, often causes death if growth is uncontrolled

29
Q

Leiomyoma

A

Common cause of uterine bleeding and pain

30
Q

How does cancer spread?

A

Requires metastasis - movement from site of original cancer to a new and different site

31
Q

Lymphatic spread

A

Pattern of lymph node involvement follows natural lymph node drainage

32
Q

Vascular spread

A

Usually veins but also arteries

Patters on vascular metastasis help diagnose cancer

33
Q

Features of a cancer diagnosis

A
  • Is the tumour local or a metastasis?
  • Do the cells look like the cells of origin?
  • Then we can grade the tumour and diagnose the stage of development
34
Q

Grading of cancer growths

A

A measure of how much the tumour resembles normal tissue

Grades of 1 (good) to 3 (Bad)

35
Q

Staging of neoplasms

A
  1. Size and thickness of primary lesion
  2. Spread to lymph nodes
  3. Presence of metastases to distant site

OCTY2105 (11 decks)

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