Pathology- Neoplasia Flashcards
Neoplasia
New growth not in response to stimulus
What is the only body part not reported to have undergone neoplastic change?
Lens of the eye
Malignant
Has metastatic potential
goes beyond basement membrane
Metastases
Spreads to other sites
Metaplasia
Reversible change from one mature cell type to another mature cell type
represents a change in signals delivered to stem cells causing them to differentiate down a different line
Common stimulus which causes metaplasia
Noxious stimuli
Dysplasia
disordered cell growth not in response to a stimulus
no invasion, usually low grade
Carcinoma in-situ
Dysplasia affecting the whole epithelium, applies to non-glandular epithelium
last stage before invasion
Cancer
Alteration of normal growth, avoids cell death
Weinberg Hallmarks
- increase growth signals
- remove growth suppression
- avoid apoptosis
- achieve immortality
- become invasive
- angiogenesis
- loss DNA ‘spell checks’
- avoid immune system
Autosomal dominant
only need one copy of faulty gene for it to have an effect
Example of autosomal dominant mutations
Retinoblastama- children with RB mutation have 10,000 times increased risk
APC gene mutation- FAP
Mutation of which gene causes familial adenomatous polyposis?
APC gene
100% chance of bowel cancer before 50
Mutation of which gene causes Li Fraumeni?
P35 gene
Mutation of which gene causes Gorlin’s syndrome?
PTCH
Mutation of which gene causes Cowden’s syndrome
PTEN
Mutation of which gene causes MEN1?
RET
Mutation of which gene causes HNPCC and Muir Torres?
MLH1
What is aflatoxin?
Fungi on peanuts, causes p53 mutation
common in china- liver cancer associated with hepatitis
What carcinogen is in chemical dyes?
Beta-napthylamine, associated with bladder cancer
What carcinogen is in food preservative?
nitrosamines
Role of initiators in chemical carcinogenesis
cause long lasting genetic damage but not sufficient enough to cause cancer on their own- must be followed by a promotor
Role of promotors in chemical carcinogenesis
require initiators to cause damage
Which type of cancer is most commonly associated with smoking?
Small cell lung cancer (worst kind)
Which type of radiation is likely to cause skin cancer?
UVB (280-320nm)
Role of E6
increases p53 destruction
Role of E7
Prevests Rb protein from acting
Types of tumours commonly associated with EBV?
Burkitt lymphoma
B cell lymphoma
Hodgkins lymphoma
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
