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pathology misc Flashcards

1
Q

timeframe of acute postinfectious GN

A

1-3 weeks after strep throat infection or impetigo

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2
Q

timeframe of IgA nephropathy

A

1-2 days after URTI

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3
Q

Kimmelstein Wilson bodies

A

diabetic glomerulonephritis - mesangial nodules

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4
Q

histology findings of alpha1 antitrypsin deficiency

A

intracytoplasmic inclusions of A1AT which stain period acid schiff

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5
Q

autoimmune hepatits

A

type 1 - anti-nuclear antibodies, anti-smooth muscle

type 2 - anti-LKMIg

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6
Q

alport’s syndrome inheritance

A

X linked, anti collagen type 4, alpha 5 chain

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7
Q

thin basement membrane disease inheritance

A

autosomal dominant, type 4 collagen alpha 4 chain

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8
Q

acute interstitial nephritis

A

hypersensitivity reaction, usually to a drug
begins days after exposure
fever, skin rash, haematuria, eosinophilia

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9
Q

Waldenstroms macroglobinuria

A

NHL - IgM

FLAWs and hyperviscosity

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10
Q

fanconi anaemia

A

autosomal recessive, pancytopenia, renal malformations

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11
Q

dyskeratosis congenita

A

x linked - telomere instability

aplastic anaemia. skin pigmentation, oral leukoplakia, nail dystophy

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12
Q

schwachman-diamond syndrome

A

aplastic anaemia. autosomal recessive - neutrophilia

AML risk

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13
Q

Diamond-blackfan syndrome

A

red cell aplasia, normal WCC and platelets

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14
Q

polycythaemia rubra vera symptoms

A
  • hyperviscosity
  • plethora (red nose)
  • retinal vein engorgement
  • aquagenic pruritis
  • peptic ulcers - histamine release
  • gout
  • thrombosis and stroke
  • splenomegaly
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15
Q

essential thrombocytopenia mutations

A

JAK2, calreticulin and MPL

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16
Q

essential thrombocytopenia symptoms

A

venous and arterial thrombosis
erythromelalgia
splenomegaly, dizziness, headaches, blurred vision

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17
Q

essential thrombocytopenia treatment

A

aspirin, anagrelid, hydroxycarbamide

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18
Q

example of NRTI

A

lamuvidine, emtricitabine

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19
Q

NNRTI example

A

efavirenz, nevirapine

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20
Q

Protease inhibitor example

A

ritonavir, Indinavir, amprenavir

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21
Q

Integrase inhibitor example

A

raltegravir

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22
Q

nucleotide RTI example

A

tenofovir

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23
Q

side effects of NRTI

A

lactic acidosis

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24
Q

side effect of NNRTI

A

SJS, TENS, fatal fulminant hepatitis

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25
Q

side effect of PI

A

hyperlipidaemia, type 2 diabetes, lipodystrophy

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26
Q

Campylobacter jejuni clinical picture

A

unpasteurised milk and poultry
prodrome of headache and fever. bloody foul diarrhoea with cramps.
oxidase positive, motile, gram negative curved rods

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27
Q

Cryptosporidium parvum clinical picture

A

infects jejunum, severe diarrhoea in immunocomprimised. oocytes seen in stool by modified kinyoun acid fast stain.

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28
Q

rat bite

A

spirillum minus (haverhill fever)`

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29
Q

cat scratch disease

A

bartonella henselae

30
Q

brucellosis clinical picture

A

dairy or contact with animals
undulant fever, myalgia, malaise.
endocarditis and osteomyelitis.
WCC usually normal.
tetracycline or doxycycline with streptomycin.
brucella abortus = cattle
brucella melitensis = goats, mediterranean

31
Q

Leptospira interrogans

A

rat or dog urine in water, penetrates broken skin / swimming.
high spiking temps, conjunctival haemorrhages, jaundice, haemolytic anaemia

32
Q

Bacillus anthracis

A

painless black, round lesion and rim of oedema

pulmonary - massive lympahdenopathy and mediastinal haemorrhage

33
Q

aspergillus flavus

A

carcinogen for HCC

34
Q

crytococcis

A

found in pigeon poo

35
Q

EBV

A

pyrexia, jaundice, lymphadenopathy, sore throat

36
Q

ring enhancing lesion

A

cerebral abscess, toxoplasmosis, lymphoma (vasogenic oedema

37
Q

boat shaped cells

A

Pneumocystis carnii

38
Q

haemophilus influenzae

A

gram negative coccibacilli

39
Q

commonest cause of UTI in all patient groups

40
Q

haemorrhagic cystitis in children

A

adenovirus

41
Q

pseudomonus treatment in CF

A

ceftadizime

42
Q

treatment for gram negative septicaemia

A

gent and ampicillin

43
Q

renal tuberculosis

A

RFs

haematuria, dysuria, back pain

44
Q

urethral syndrome

A

asymptomatic bacteriuria - symptoms of UTI without bacteria

45
Q

antibiotic prophylaxis before colorectal surgery

A

cef & met 0-2hrs before and no longer than 24 hrs afterward

46
Q

cavitating pneumonia or urinary tract infections

A

klebseilla

47
Q

Chagas disease

A

latin america
swelling around eye
fever, malaise, lymphadenopathy and eventually cardiomyopathy
trypomastigote

48
Q

Wucheria bancrofti

A

microfilariae in peripheral blood, eosinophilia and symptoms affecting the lymph nodes

49
Q

Leishmania donovani

A

visceral leishmaniasis
opportunistic infection in HIV
fever, splenomegaly, leukopenia and hypergammaglobulinaemia, pancytopenia. fatigue, weight loss, dizziness, cough, diarrhoea
xerosis - dry roughenes skin

50
Q

Pneumocystis carnii

A

non productive cough, fever, dyspnoea

HIV related illness

51
Q

trypanosomiasis

A

african sleeping sickness and chagas disease

52
Q

Schistosoma mansoni

A

infects the mesenteric veins (vs haematobium = vesical veins)
swimming
nausea, vommiting, diarrhoea, skin rash, lymphadenopathy with hepatosplenomegaly
WCC and eosinophilia

53
Q

Giardia lambia

A

tear-drop shaped trophozoites
cysts and trophozoites seen on stool examination
pale, fatty stools

54
Q

Congenital toxoplasmosis

A

hepatomegaly, jaundice, seizures, intra-cranial calcification.

55
Q

congenital rubella syndrome

A

microphthalmia, deafness, hepatosplenomegaly, thrombocytopenia, rash,

56
Q

congenital HSV infection

A

microcephaly, chorioretinitis, vesicular skin lesions

57
Q

Bare lymphocyte syndrome

A

defect of regulatory factor X or class II transactivator.
absent expression of HLA molecules within thymus
type 1 - MHC 1 absent - CD8 deficient
type 2 - MHC 2 absent - CD4 deficient
associated with sclerosing cholangitis.

58
Q

Brutons agammaglobulinaemia

A

X linked. BTK gene mutation.

failure of production of mature B cells - no antibodies.

59
Q

common variable immunodeficiency

A

low IgG, A, E,

defect in b cell differentiation.

60
Q

Hyper IgM syndrome

A

CD40 mutation. X linked condition.
activated T cells cannot interact with B cells.
risk of autoimmunity and malignancy.

61
Q

Kostmann syndrome

A

severe congenital neutropenia. autosomal recessive - HAX mutation. low neutrophil count <500
treatment - G-CSF

62
Q

leukocyte adhesion deficiency

A

deficiency in CD18 (beta2 integrin subunit)

high neutrophil count and delayed umbilical cord separation

63
Q

chronic granulomatous disease

A 
NADPH oxidase defect. 
negative NBT (does not turn blue) 
negative DHR (does not flouresce as rhodamine not generated) - PLACESS (catalase positive) susceptibility 
mostly X linked
64
Q

Severe combine immunodeficiency

A 
IL2 receptor (X linked), adenosine deaminase (AR) deficiency. 
AIDs defining illnesses - candida etc. 
reticular dysgenesis - most severe form - deficiency in everything but erythrocytes.
65
Q

Cyclic neutropenia

A

episodic neutropenia occurring every 3 weeks, lasting several days.
ELA1 mutation, treated with G-CSF

66
Q

cyclophosphamide

A

akylates guanine base of DNA. damages DNA and prevents cell replication, affect B cells.

67
Q

mycophenilate mofetil

A

inhibits IM PDH which prevents guanine synthesis. blocks de novo nucleotide synthesis - prevents replication of DNA. affects T cells.

68
Q

Azathioprine

A

metabolised by liver to 6 metacarpurine by TPMT. blocks de novo purine synthesis. inhibits T cells activation & proliferation.

69
Q

tacrolimus

A

inhibits calcineurin which normally activates transcription of IL2 therefore reduces T cell proliferation

70
Q

cyclosporin

A

inhibits calcineurin. gingival hypertrophy.

71
Q

sirolimus

A

blocks clonal proliferation of T cells.

72
Q

OTK3

A

muromab - binds to CD3. mops up t cells. given in steroid resistant infection.

year 5 misc (5 decks)

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