Pathology mcq notes Flashcards
Atheromatous plaques consist
The central core contains lipids, (cholesterol, necrotic debris, lipid laden macrophages). The cholesterol appears as needle shaped clefts.
The shoulder region, where the fibrous cap meets the vessel wall is more cellular and contains macrophages, T cells and smooth muscle cells.
Hypersensitivity vasculitis:
These are immune mediated diseases, commonly by immune complex deposition in
vessel wall. These are multisystem disorders but affecting mainly highly vascular tissues as the skin
POLYARTERITIS NODOSA (PAN): morphology
▪ Segmental transmural fibrinoid necrosis of arterial wall, surrounded by an acute inflammatory reaction.
▪ Lesions usually affect only part of the vessel circumference
Embolization of infected embolus as a complication of infective endocarditis. Commonest site is
in the cerebral arteries.
Has a murmur is often present. Becomes symptomatic at 30
Atrial septal defect
In low socio-economic developing countries due to overcrowding, low resistance and an increased frequency of airborne respiratory tract infections
The condition usually starts in children & adolescents 5-15 years
Rheumatic fever
MacCallum’s patch is located at the posterior wall of
Left atrium
Constrictive pericarditis usually following:
Tuberculous pericarditis
Common etiology of cerebral aneurysm is:
Cogenital.
-Which is the most common type of pericarditis in rheumatic fever:
Serofibrinous
Libman-Sacks endocarditis occurs in
SLE
The microscopic features of endocardium is
Fibrinoid necrosis of cusps and chordae tendinae with inflammation, and overlying vegetations (platelet thrombi).
What labs would u expect to be elevated in rheumatic fever
sedimentation rate, elevated C reactive protein and high serum
level of ASO titre
The most common valve effected in chronic rheumatic heart disease
Mitral valve, followed by aortic
Complications of chronic rheumatic heart disease include
- Subacute infective endocarditis on top of deformed fibrotic valves.
- Heart failure secondary to valvular lesions.
Ischemia is most pronounced in the
subendocardium
in ischemia injury occurs first in
Subendocardial zone
What is the commonest sight of myocardial infraction? Which artery is occluded?
The most common site (40-50%) It is due to occlusion of the left anterior descending branch (LAD) producing an infarction of the anterior ventricular wall
lateral infarction is due to occlusion of
Lt circumflex coronary artery resulting in infraction of lateral ventricular wall
Posterior infraction is due to occlusion of
Rt coronary artery with infraction of posterior wall and posterior part of the septum
The earliest naked eye changes at MI occur in
15 hours
After 24-48 hours MI,
softens and color changes to yellow
By 3 months MI
scar tissue appear white
Microscopic myocardial infarction after 8-12 hours
changes of coagulative necrosis
MI is diagnosed by what laboratory test
Elevation of cardiac-specific troponins and cardiac fraction of creatine kinase.
Cardiac tamponade is
Blood collecting suddenly & in large quantities in the pericardial sac,
resulting in sudden death (acute heart failure). It occurs in rupture myocardial infarction, ventricular aneurysm or rupture aortic aneurysm
there is both right and left ventricular failure and a full combination of systemic and pulmonary signs.
In congestive cardiac failure
