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Pathology flashcards

1
Q

What process am I describing

  • Controlled form of cell death in which no cellular contents are released from the dying cell and therefore, there is no inflammation

If this process doesn’t happen, what important disease process can occur?

A

Apoptosis

Can lead to cancer if apoptosis does not occur

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2
Q

What enzymes switch on apoptosis?

A

Caspases - these dismantle the cell nucleus and cytoplasm

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3
Q

What process am I describing
- poorly controlled form of cell death where membrane integrity is lost with leakage of cellular contents and an inflammatory response

Give some examples of this disease process

A

Necrosis

Examples: frostbite, cerebral infarction, avascular necrosis of bone, pancreatitis.

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4
Q

If a baby is born with a lack of closure of the neural tube, what condition can they have?

A

Spina bifida

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5
Q

Difference between acquired and congenital abnormality?

A

Congenital is a disease which is present at birth and acquired is occurring after birth

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6
Q

What process am I referring to?

Damaged cells are replaced with the same type of cell and occurs when the connective tissue framework is not disrupted

A

Regeneration (resolution)

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7
Q

What process am I referring to?

Formation of granulation which is then converted into collagen rich scar, loss of function in tissue that is scarred

A

Repair

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8
Q

What type of mendelian inheritance pattern am I describing?

Disease is produced where there is only one copy of the abnormal gene

A

Dominant single gene disorder

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9
Q

What type of mendelian inheritance pattern am I describing?

2 copies of a gene are required for the condition to be expressed

A

Recessive disorder

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10
Q

Why can a recessive single gene sex-linked disease cause disease in male but not females?

A

Because the disease occurs on the X chromosome so the male will always inherit the diseased X chromosome from the mother but the daughter will still have a good X chromosome

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11
Q

What disorder am I describing?
Single gene disorder where beta global chains of haemoglobin are replaced with other amino acids causing deformity of the Hb when oxygen levels are low

A

Sickle cell anaemia

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12
Q

In an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, what are the chances of the child having the condition if the parent is affected?

A

50%

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13
Q

Foetal alcohol syndrome is. an example of what type of condition, inherited or acquired?

A

Acquired due to heavy maternal alcohol use

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14
Q

What is the difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia?

Give examples of physiological and pathological changes in each of these.

A

Hypertrophy: increase in the size of cells without an increase in the number of cells. This is seen in tissues which can’t multiply such as cardiac and skeletal muscle.
Physiological: myometrium of the uterus in pregnancy and muscles of a body builder.
Pathological: LVH due to hypertension or aortic stenosis.

Hyperplasia: increase in the number of cells (often accompanied by increase in cell size too)
Physiological: endometrium and breast in response to oestrogen
Pathological: BPH and parathyroid hyperplasia

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15
Q

A decrease in the size of an organ or tissue is known as?

A

atrophy

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16
Q

What process am I describing?
Reversible transformation of one mature cell type into another fully differentiated cell type.
Give an example

A

Metaplasia
A common example is the transformation of the normal pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium of the bronchi into squamous epithelium following repeated exposure to cigarette smoke = smokers cough as they can’t clear the airways

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17
Q

What process am I describing?

Morphological changes seen in the cells in the progression to becoming cancer

A

Dysplasia

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18
Q

Give 6 ways which allow tumours to grow successfully

A
  1. They are self-sufficient with growth signals
  2. They are insensitive to growth inhibitor signals
  3. They invade tissues and metastasise
  4. They have limitless growth potential - telomere mutations so they don’t have limited divisions
  5. They have sustained angiogenesis
  6. They evade apoptosis
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19
Q

Which one of these does not have a screening programme in the UK?

  • breast
  • colorectal
  • cervical
  • lung
A

lung

20
Q

What is the name of a benign tumour of glandular epithelium?

A

Adenoma

21
Q

What term describes a cancer that has not invaded the basement membrane?

A

In situ

22
Q

Which of the following is not known to be carcinogenic in humans?

  • hep C infection
  • ionising radiation
  • aromatic amines
  • aspergillus niger
A

aspergillus niger

23
Q

Name of a benign tumour of fat cells?

A

lipoma

24
Q

Name of a malignant tumour of glandular epithelium?

A

Adenocarcinoma

25
Q

Which of these is not a feature of malignant tumours?

  • vascular invasion
  • metastasis
  • increased cell division
  • growth related to overall body growth
A
  • growth related to overall body growth
26
Q

Is a transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder malignant?

A

yes

27
Q

A leiomyoma is a benign tumour of smooth muscle, true or false?

A

true

28
Q

Radon gas is a known cause of lung cancer, true or false?

A

true

29
Q

What is the most common cancer caused by asbestos?

A

Mesothelioma

30
Q

Which lifestyle factor is most likely to cause cancer?

  1. Drinking half bottle of wine a day
  2. Being obese
  3. Running fo 20 mins twice a week
  4. Smoking 20 cigarettes a day
A
  1. Drinking half bottle of wine a day - it has link with cirrhosis but half wine is probably not enough
  2. Being obese - raises it markedly for colon cancer and kidney cancer too
  3. Running fo 20 mins twice a week - reduces risks (aerobic exercise)
  4. Smoking 20 cigarettes a day - 26x risk of lung cancer! Vaping reduces risk of cancer but risk of atherosclerosis risk stays similar.
31
Q

Which tumour has the shortest median survival?

  1. BCC of skin
  2. Malignant melanoma of skin
  3. Breast cancer
  4. Anaplastic carcinoma of thyroid
A

Anaplastic carcinoma of thyroid - 2 months life expectancy

32
Q

Ovarian cancer commonly spreads to where?

A

Peritoneum

33
Q

A 27 year old woman presents to A&E with abdominal pain saying it started the day before when she felt generalised pain in the middle of her abdomen and felt unwell. She slept and woke up this morning with more severe pain which had moved to her right groin region. A diagnosis of acute appendicitis was made and her appendix is removed during laproscopic operation. The consultant histopathologist looks at the lumen of the sample and sees what type of inflammatory cell?

A

Neutrophil polymorph - predominant cell type in acute inflammation

34
Q

Why do we just excise a basal cell carcinoma as treatment?

A

Only invades locally so it won’t spread to another part of the body. This means that these tumours can be treated by local excision and we can be confident that if the tumour has been completely removed

35
Q

Which 5 cancers commonly spread to the bone?

A
  • breast
  • prostate
  • lung
  • thyroid
  • kidney
36
Q

What type of breast cancer is most common?

what medication can we use to treat it?

A

oestrogen receptor positive where there is an over expression of oestrogen receptors
Can use oestrogen receptor blockers like tamoxifen

37
Q

For HER2 gene amplified breast cancer, what treatment can we give?

A

Herceptin

38
Q

What is a carcinogen?

A

Agents known or suspected to participate in causation of tumours

39
Q

What percentage of cancers are due to environmental causes and which are inherited?

A

85% environmetal

15% inherited

40
Q

UVA and UVB light exposure increases the risk of which type of cancers?

A

Basal cell carcinoma
Melanoma
Squamous cell carcinoma

41
Q

What is a neoplasm?

A

Lesion resulting from the autonomous abnormal growth of cells which persists after the initiating stimulus has been removed

42
Q

What is the most common cancer in men and in women?

What are the most common cause of cancer deaths?

A

Men - prostate (lung, bowel, bladder and kidney follow). Lung is the most common cause of cancer death.

Women - breast most common (followed by lung, bile, uterus, melanoma and ovarian). Lung is the most common cause of cancer death.

43
Q

What tissue do these benign neoplasms originate from?

  • Lipoma
  • Chondroma
  • Osteoma
  • Angioma
  • Rhabdomyoma
  • Leiomyoma
  • Neuroma

Why should we worry about benign neoplasm if they don’t metastasise?

A
  • Lipoma - adipocytes
  • Chondroma - cartilage
  • Osteoma - bone
  • Angioma - vascular
  • Rhabdomyoma - striated muscle
  • Leiomyoma - smooth muscle
  • Neuroma - nerves

Benign neoplasms can still kill due to pressure on surrounding structures and obstruction of flow, production of hormones and some can transform into malignant neoplasms.

44
Q

Why should we worry about malignant neoplasms?

A
  • destruction of adjacent tissue
  • metastases - might cause more disease than the primary cancer such as growing in hollow structures like urinary tract and GI tract, blocking flow
  • blood loss from ulcers
  • obstruction of flow
  • hormone production
  • anxiety and pain (pain usually late symptom of disease and usually advanced)
45
Q

What 5 things do cancers need in order to metastasise?

A

Tumour needs cell motility

Evading host immune defence - aggregate with platelets so the body doesn’t recognise the tumour.
Other tumours shed surface antigens

Extravasation: adhesion receptors, collagenases, cell motility.

Growing at metastatic site: growth factors

Angiogenesis: vascular endothelial growth factors, basic fibroblast growth factor.

46
Q

Where is a common place for colorectal cancer to metastasise?

A

Liver - invades venue and enters hepatic portal vein to invade liver

47
Q

How does Herceptin work for breast cancer treatment?

A
  • Herceptin is a monoclonal antibody that binds to the Her2 protein on the outside of the cell membrane.
  • Herceptin will get rid of Her2 receptors so it reduces the chances of 2 Her2 receptors binding together and increasing intracellular signalling, transcriptional factors, angiogenesis and growth of cells.

Core (7 decks)

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