Pathology Chapter 9 Flashcards
Vascular disease is…
MC involves
common, disabling, lethal
MC arteries
2 types of vascular disease
Gradual vs Rapid?
Aneurysm vs Dissection?
Narrowing/obstruction of lumen
Atherosclerosis (gradual)
Thromboembolism (rapid)
Weakening of vessel wall
Dilation (aneurysm)
Rupture (dissection)Hardening of the arteries, non-specific
Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis: hardening of arteries, atheroma
Dilation of a vascular wall
Aneurysm
Passage of blood through layers of wall
Dissection
Blood clot in a vessel
in leg, thigh, pelvis?
Thrombus
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
Dilation of a vein
Varicosity
The open interior of a vessel
Lumen
Arterial walls are …. than veins
Because of pulsations, and … in blood pressure
thicker
increase in BP
Smooth muscles are involuntary and ….
non-striated
Layers of vasculature (x3)
- Intima (endothelia cells)
- Media (smooth muscle cells)
- Adventitia (CT, nerves, vessels)
Internal & External elastic lamina are found in which layers?
Intima/Endothelia = Internal Elastic Lamina
Media/Smooth Muscle = External Elastic Lamina
Blood supply of vascular wall
Interior vs Exterior
Interior: diffusion of blood from lumen (intima & inner of media)
Exterior: vasa vasorum supplies (outer media & adventitia)
… provide vascular resistance
arterioles
Edema and leukocyte diapedesis occur here…
post capillary venules
Veins:
___ lumen
___ walls
___ pressure, prone to _____/______
larger lumen
thinner walls
low pressure, prone to dilation/compression
Lymphatic vessels:
___ walls, lined with _____
Drain _____ _____
Lymph fluid -> _____ _____
thin walls, lined with endothelia
drain interstitial fluid
lymph fluid -> lymph follicles
*continuous monitoring
… create a continuous lining of all vessels
Endothelial cells
Endothelial cells:
______ interface
Regulate ______ & ______
Non-thrombogenic interface Regulate vasoreactivity (Nitric Oxide, Endothelin) & Cell Growth (smooth muscle cells)
___ upsets homeostasis
______ = pro-inflammatory
Trauma upsets homeostasis
Endothelial Activation - pro-inflammatory
Causes of Endothelial Activation (x2)
Vascular Lesions (HTN, Diabetes, Irradiation, infxn) Thrombosis, athersclerosis
Vascular anomalies = commonly/rarely symptomatic
relevant during ____
rarely symptomatic
relevant during surgery
Congenital anomalies (x3)
Berry Aneurysms
Arteriovenous (AV) fistula
Fibromuscular dyplasia
Berry Aneurysm
Dilation of cerebral vessels
Rupture leads to subdural hemorrhage
Arteriovenous fistula
connection of arterial and venous systesm which bypass capillaries
Fibromuscular dysplasia
athersclerotic or inflammatory?
MC?
local thickening of medium/large artery walls -> ischemia
non-athersclerotic, non-inflammatory
MC: Young adult females
hypotension (__/__) causes …
hypotension (<90/60) causes decreased perfusion, dysfunction
Hypertension (__/__) leads to …
causes…
Hypertension (>140/80) leads to damaged vessels/organs
causes: atherosclerosis, hypertensive retinopathy
Blood Pressure is regulated by:
cardiac output (HR + SV) Vascular resistance
Vascular tone and blood volume is controlled by… x3
Kidney: sodium, renin-angiotensis system
Adrenals: aldosterone
Heart: atrial natriuretic peptide
BP Medications
ACE inhibitors, Angiotensin II Receptor blocker
Diuretics
Malignant hypertension = __ / __
General treatment recommendations
> 200 / >120
Eat healthy, quit smoking, exercise, medicate
Hypertension without treatment will cause __% of ischemic heart disease (MI)/ Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
__ will die of a stroke
HTN will cause 50% of MI/ CHF
1/3 will die of a stroke
__% of US adults have HTN
T/F: It is insidious, asymptomatic
25% of US adults have HTN
True
