Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Massage Chapter 4 > Pathology Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Pathology Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What two systems help maintain homeostasis?

A

Endocrine and nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Three basic functions the nervous system is grouped in are?

A

Sensory Function
Integrative Function
Motor Function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What makes up the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

A

Spinal cord and brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the four major parts the brain consists of?

A

Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Cerebellum
Brain stem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Explain the cerebrum

A

Its the largest part of the brain.
Is where the sensations such as vision, smell, taste and body movements are consciously perceived.
Where skeletal muscle motor movements are initiated.
Where emotional and intellectual processes occur.
Decisions are made.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Explain the diencephalon

A

In the center of the brain.
Two main parts are thalamus and hypothalamus.
It regulates and integrates the autonomic nervous system and pituitary glands.
Controls behavioral patterns, persons 24 hr cycle called circadian or biorhythms.
Controls body temp, sleep patterns and maintains consciousness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Explain the cerebellum

A

Consists of two connected lobes on the posterior and inferior part of the brain and helps coordinate complex movements and regulates posture and balance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Explain the brain stem

A

Has 3 main divisions: medulla oblongata, conducts sensory and motor impulses.
Contains vital centers that regulate heartbeat, breathing, blood vessels diameter, swallowing, vomiting, coughing and sneezing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How cranial nerves are there?

A

12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the nickname for the parasympathetic division?

A

Rest and digest division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Name the sections of the neurological pathologies

A 
CNS disorders
Infectious diseases
Neurodegenerative diseases
Neurovascular disorders
PNS disorders
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

CNS disorders include

A 
Spina bifida
Cerebral palsy
Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder
Autism
Seizure disorders
Spinal cord injury
Brain tumors
Anxiety disorders
Types of depression
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

A group of congenital neural tube defects characterized by failure of the posterior spinous processes of the vertebral column to close

A

Spina bifida

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Types of spina bifida

A

Spina bifida occult’s
Meningocele
Myelomeningocele

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Etiology of spina bifida

A

The reason that the neural tube fails to close during embryonic life is unknown but maternal folic acid deficiency and genetic alterations are commonly associated with the defect.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

A group of motor disorders caused by brain damage that occurred during fetal life, birth or early childhood

A

Cerebral palsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Etiology of cerebral palsy

A

Is caused by inadequate blood flow or reduced oxygen supply to the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

A neurological disorder in which the affected person displays behaviors associated with the inattentiveness, hyperactivity, impulsivity or a combination of these.

A

Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADD)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Etiology of ADHD

A

Is unknown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

A condition present in early childhood characterized by difficulty communication and forming relationships

A

Autism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Most common and mild form of autism

A

Asperger syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Etiology of Autism

A

Appears to be abnormal brain chemistry but the cause of the abnormality is unclear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Characterized by explosive episodes of uncontrolled and excessive electrical activity in the brain that result in a sudden change in behavior. Also described as lightning storm in the brain

A

Seizure disorders (epilepsy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Etiology of seizures

A

Cause is unknown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Types of seizures

A

Partial seizure
Absence seizure
Tonic-clinic seizure
Clinic phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

May be associated with repeated nonpurposeful movements such as turning the head from side to side, lip smacking, leg twitching and picking at clothing or with sensations such as ringing in the ears, sensations of light or tingling that begins in one area and spreads

A

Partial seizure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Seizure accompanied by transient facial movements

A

Absence seizures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Most intense seizures. General tone increases and muscular contractions begin

A

Tonic-clonic seizures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

The classic presentation of alternating contraction and relaxation of muscles

A

Clonic phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Occurs from direct injury to the spinal cord or indirectly from damage to surrounding bones, tissues or blood vessels

A

Spinal cord injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Etiology of spinal cord injury

A

Most often caused by trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Are malignancies that arise from any structures of the brain and include neurons, neuralgia, blood vessels or meninges as well as from the pituitary and pineal gland

A

Brain tumors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the infectious diseases of the nervous system?

A 
Meningitis
Encephalitis
Lyme disease
Poliomyelitis
Shingles
35
Q

An inflammation of the meninges, the membranous covering of the brain and spinal cord

A

Meningitis

36
Q

Etiology of meningitis

A

Viruses and bacteria. Fungi, parasites and toxins may also cause the disease

37
Q

Encephalitis

A

Inflammation of the brain

38
Q

Etiology of encephalitis

A

Usually caused by a virus but can also result from exposure to bacteria, fungi or parasites

39
Q

Poliomyelitis and postpolio syndrome

A

A highly contagious infection that is now rare. Is transmitted by direct contact.

40
Q

Etiology of poliomyelitis and postpolio syndrome

A

Caused by a virus called poliovirus

41
Q

Neurodegenerative diseases

A 
Dementia
Alzheimer’s disease
Parkinson’s
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis
Huntington disease
42
Q

A group of illnesses that involve progressive degeneration of the characterized by a decline of mental faculties

A

Dementia

43
Q

Etiology of dementia

A

The most common cause of dementia is advancing age

44
Q

A progressive neurodegenerative disease that produces a typical profile of mental deterioration

A

Alzheimer’s disease

45
Q

Etiology of Alzheimer’s

A

Cause is unknown but is associated with advancing age

46
Q

A progressive neurodegenerative disease that produces a syndrome of abnormal movements

A

Parkinson’s

47
Q

Etiology of Parkinson’s

A

Cause is unknown for primary or. Secondary or is caused by infection, trauma, tumors, atherosclerosis and drug use

48
Q

The degeneration and demyelination of motor neurons

A

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

49
Q

Etiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

A

Most causes are unknown. 10% have a genetic basis

50
Q

A progressive degeneration and demyelination of neurons of the brain, spinal cord and cranial nerves

A

Multiple sclerosis

51
Q

Etiology of multiple sclerosis

A

Believed to be an autoimmune disorder that has a genetic component. 15% of persons have an affected relative.

52
Q

An inherited degenerative disorder, hungtington disease is characterized by motor disturbances, mental deterioration and abnormal behavior

A

Huntington Disease

53
Q

Neurovascular disorders

A

Transient ischemic attack
Stroke
Cerebral aneurysm
Migraine headache

54
Q

A brief episode of impaired functioning caused by a temporary reduction of cerebral blood flow

A

Transient ischemic attack

55
Q

Etiology of transient ischemic attack

A

Common causes of TIA’s are 1) thrombus- formation within a cerebral artery 2) an embolus- originating elsewhere that travels to the brain and becomes lodged there

56
Q

A sudden disruption in cerebral blood flow from either an occluded or a ruptured blood vessel

A

Stroke

57
Q

Etiology of stroke

A

Most common cause of eschemic stroke is complications of atherosclerosis. Other causes are head trauma and complications from blood disorders, heart disorders, and systemic diseases

58
Q

Severe and recurrent headaches

A

Migraine

59
Q

Etiology of migraines

A

Appear to be related to imbalances in brain chemicals, including serotonin and neuropeptides

60
Q

Peripheral nerve disorders

A 
Tribe I am neuralgia
Bell palsy
Myasthenia Travis
Guillain-Barré syndrome
Peripheral neuropathy
Degenerative disc disease
Herniated and bulging discs
Radicuplopathies
Sciatica
Carpal tunnel
Thoracic outlet syndromes
61
Q

A neurological condition characterizes by excruciating episodic pain in the areas supplied by the trite I am nerve

A

Trigeminal neuralgia

62
Q

Etiology of trigeminal neuralgia

A

Possible causes are compression of the trigeminal nerve by tumor or vascular lesion

63
Q

A neurological condition of the facial nerve that causes weakness or paralysis of the muscles on one side of the face.

A

Bell palsy

64
Q

A neurological disorder characterized by impaired transmission of motor neurons

A

Myasthenia Travis

65
Q

Etiology of myasthenia gravis

A

Cause of the autoimmune response is unknown. However a high percentage have thymus disorders such as tumors

66
Q

A rapidly progressing inflammatory disease that results in demyelination of peripheral nerves

A

Guillain-Barré syndrome

67
Q

Etiology of Guillain-Barré syndrome

A

Cause is unknown

68
Q

Is either inflammation or degeneration of the PNS

A

Peripheral neuropathy

69
Q

Etiology of peripheral neuropathy

A

Caused by complications of various pathological processes such as diabetes, chronic alcohol use, interiors disorders, dietary deficiencies, kidney failure and MS

70
Q

Is the degeneration and deterioration of the intervertebral disc and is a common finding in persons older than 30

A

Degenerative disc disease

71
Q

Etiology of degenerative disc disease

A

The result of the aging process

72
Q

Involves protrusion of the nucleus pulposus through a tear in the annulus fibrosis

A

Herniated disc, bulging disc and radiculopathy

73
Q

Etiology of herniated disc, bulging disc and radiculopathy

A

Can result from cumulative trauma, improper lifting, degenerative disc disease, direct trauma or a combination of these

74
Q

Is similar to a herniated disc but is less severe because the nucleus pulposus remains contained within the annular wall

A

Bulging disc

75
Q

Is characterized by pain that radiates down an extremity along the path of the compresses nerve

A

Radiculopathy

76
Q

If radicular pain originates in the cervical region

A

Cervical radiculopathy

77
Q

If radicular pain originates in the lumbosacral region

A

Lumbar radiculopathy

78
Q

Refers to pain that originates in the lower back or hip and with accompanying radiculopathy

A

Sciatica

79
Q

Etiology of sciatica

A

Can be caused by bulging or herniated discs, spinal stenosis, bone spurs, spondylolisthesis, trauma, poor posture, tumors or a combination of these

80
Q

A disorder caused by compression of nerves in the brachial plexus alone or along with the subclavian artery and vein

A

Thoracic outlet syndrome

81
Q

Etiology of thoracic outlet syndrome

A

Are results of a anatomic defects, such as a cervical rib or an unusually tight band of fibrous tissue connecting the spine to the first rib

82
Q

Is the result of compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel

A

Carpal tunnel syndrome

83
Q

Etiology of carpal tunnel

A

Are repetitive use of the wrist, direct trauma and some structural abnormalities

Massage Chapter 4 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions