Pathology Chapter 6 Flashcards
What two systems help maintain homeostasis?
Endocrine and nervous system
Three basic functions the nervous system is grouped in are?
Sensory Function
Integrative Function
Motor Function
What makes up the Central Nervous System (CNS)?
Spinal cord and brain
What are the four major parts the brain consists of?
Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Cerebellum
Brain stem
Explain the cerebrum
Its the largest part of the brain.
Is where the sensations such as vision, smell, taste and body movements are consciously perceived.
Where skeletal muscle motor movements are initiated.
Where emotional and intellectual processes occur.
Decisions are made.
Explain the diencephalon
In the center of the brain.
Two main parts are thalamus and hypothalamus.
It regulates and integrates the autonomic nervous system and pituitary glands.
Controls behavioral patterns, persons 24 hr cycle called circadian or biorhythms.
Controls body temp, sleep patterns and maintains consciousness.
Explain the cerebellum
Consists of two connected lobes on the posterior and inferior part of the brain and helps coordinate complex movements and regulates posture and balance.
Explain the brain stem
Has 3 main divisions: medulla oblongata, conducts sensory and motor impulses.
Contains vital centers that regulate heartbeat, breathing, blood vessels diameter, swallowing, vomiting, coughing and sneezing.
How cranial nerves are there?
12
How many spinal nerves are there?
31 pairs
What is the nickname for the parasympathetic division?
Rest and digest division
Name the sections of the neurological pathologies
CNS disorders Infectious diseases Neurodegenerative diseases Neurovascular disorders PNS disorders
CNS disorders include
Spina bifida Cerebral palsy Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder Autism Seizure disorders Spinal cord injury Brain tumors Anxiety disorders Types of depression
A group of congenital neural tube defects characterized by failure of the posterior spinous processes of the vertebral column to close
Spina bifida
Types of spina bifida
Spina bifida occult’s
Meningocele
Myelomeningocele
Etiology of spina bifida
The reason that the neural tube fails to close during embryonic life is unknown but maternal folic acid deficiency and genetic alterations are commonly associated with the defect.
A group of motor disorders caused by brain damage that occurred during fetal life, birth or early childhood
Cerebral palsy
Etiology of cerebral palsy
Is caused by inadequate blood flow or reduced oxygen supply to the brain
A neurological disorder in which the affected person displays behaviors associated with the inattentiveness, hyperactivity, impulsivity or a combination of these.
Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADD)
Etiology of ADHD
Is unknown
A condition present in early childhood characterized by difficulty communication and forming relationships
Autism
Most common and mild form of autism
Asperger syndrome
Etiology of Autism
Appears to be abnormal brain chemistry but the cause of the abnormality is unclear
Characterized by explosive episodes of uncontrolled and excessive electrical activity in the brain that result in a sudden change in behavior. Also described as lightning storm in the brain
Seizure disorders (epilepsy)
Etiology of seizures
Cause is unknown
Types of seizures
Partial seizure
Absence seizure
Tonic-clinic seizure
Clinic phase
May be associated with repeated nonpurposeful movements such as turning the head from side to side, lip smacking, leg twitching and picking at clothing or with sensations such as ringing in the ears, sensations of light or tingling that begins in one area and spreads
Partial seizure
Seizure accompanied by transient facial movements
Absence seizures
Most intense seizures. General tone increases and muscular contractions begin
Tonic-clonic seizures
The classic presentation of alternating contraction and relaxation of muscles
Clonic phase
Occurs from direct injury to the spinal cord or indirectly from damage to surrounding bones, tissues or blood vessels
Spinal cord injury
Etiology of spinal cord injury
Most often caused by trauma
Are malignancies that arise from any structures of the brain and include neurons, neuralgia, blood vessels or meninges as well as from the pituitary and pineal gland
Brain tumors
What are the infectious diseases of the nervous system?
Meningitis Encephalitis Lyme disease Poliomyelitis Shingles
An inflammation of the meninges, the membranous covering of the brain and spinal cord
Meningitis
Etiology of meningitis
Viruses and bacteria. Fungi, parasites and toxins may also cause the disease
Encephalitis
Inflammation of the brain
Etiology of encephalitis
Usually caused by a virus but can also result from exposure to bacteria, fungi or parasites
Poliomyelitis and postpolio syndrome
A highly contagious infection that is now rare. Is transmitted by direct contact.
Etiology of poliomyelitis and postpolio syndrome
Caused by a virus called poliovirus
Neurodegenerative diseases
Dementia Alzheimer’s disease Parkinson’s Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Multiple sclerosis Huntington disease
A group of illnesses that involve progressive degeneration of the characterized by a decline of mental faculties
Dementia
Etiology of dementia
The most common cause of dementia is advancing age
A progressive neurodegenerative disease that produces a typical profile of mental deterioration
Alzheimer’s disease
Etiology of Alzheimer’s
Cause is unknown but is associated with advancing age
A progressive neurodegenerative disease that produces a syndrome of abnormal movements
Parkinson’s
Etiology of Parkinson’s
Cause is unknown for primary or. Secondary or is caused by infection, trauma, tumors, atherosclerosis and drug use
The degeneration and demyelination of motor neurons
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Etiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Most causes are unknown. 10% have a genetic basis
A progressive degeneration and demyelination of neurons of the brain, spinal cord and cranial nerves
Multiple sclerosis
Etiology of multiple sclerosis
Believed to be an autoimmune disorder that has a genetic component. 15% of persons have an affected relative.
An inherited degenerative disorder, hungtington disease is characterized by motor disturbances, mental deterioration and abnormal behavior
Huntington Disease
Neurovascular disorders
Transient ischemic attack
Stroke
Cerebral aneurysm
Migraine headache
A brief episode of impaired functioning caused by a temporary reduction of cerebral blood flow
Transient ischemic attack
Etiology of transient ischemic attack
Common causes of TIA’s are 1) thrombus- formation within a cerebral artery 2) an embolus- originating elsewhere that travels to the brain and becomes lodged there
A sudden disruption in cerebral blood flow from either an occluded or a ruptured blood vessel
Stroke
Etiology of stroke
Most common cause of eschemic stroke is complications of atherosclerosis. Other causes are head trauma and complications from blood disorders, heart disorders, and systemic diseases
Severe and recurrent headaches
Migraine
Etiology of migraines
Appear to be related to imbalances in brain chemicals, including serotonin and neuropeptides
Peripheral nerve disorders
Tribe I am neuralgia Bell palsy Myasthenia Travis Guillain-Barré syndrome Peripheral neuropathy Degenerative disc disease Herniated and bulging discs Radicuplopathies Sciatica Carpal tunnel Thoracic outlet syndromes
A neurological condition characterizes by excruciating episodic pain in the areas supplied by the trite I am nerve
Trigeminal neuralgia
Etiology of trigeminal neuralgia
Possible causes are compression of the trigeminal nerve by tumor or vascular lesion
A neurological condition of the facial nerve that causes weakness or paralysis of the muscles on one side of the face.
Bell palsy
A neurological disorder characterized by impaired transmission of motor neurons
Myasthenia Travis
Etiology of myasthenia gravis
Cause of the autoimmune response is unknown. However a high percentage have thymus disorders such as tumors
A rapidly progressing inflammatory disease that results in demyelination of peripheral nerves
Guillain-Barré syndrome
Etiology of Guillain-Barré syndrome
Cause is unknown
Is either inflammation or degeneration of the PNS
Peripheral neuropathy
Etiology of peripheral neuropathy
Caused by complications of various pathological processes such as diabetes, chronic alcohol use, interiors disorders, dietary deficiencies, kidney failure and MS
Is the degeneration and deterioration of the intervertebral disc and is a common finding in persons older than 30
Degenerative disc disease
Etiology of degenerative disc disease
The result of the aging process
Involves protrusion of the nucleus pulposus through a tear in the annulus fibrosis
Herniated disc, bulging disc and radiculopathy
Etiology of herniated disc, bulging disc and radiculopathy
Can result from cumulative trauma, improper lifting, degenerative disc disease, direct trauma or a combination of these
Is similar to a herniated disc but is less severe because the nucleus pulposus remains contained within the annular wall
Bulging disc
Is characterized by pain that radiates down an extremity along the path of the compresses nerve
Radiculopathy
If radicular pain originates in the cervical region
Cervical radiculopathy
If radicular pain originates in the lumbosacral region
Lumbar radiculopathy
Refers to pain that originates in the lower back or hip and with accompanying radiculopathy
Sciatica
Etiology of sciatica
Can be caused by bulging or herniated discs, spinal stenosis, bone spurs, spondylolisthesis, trauma, poor posture, tumors or a combination of these
A disorder caused by compression of nerves in the brachial plexus alone or along with the subclavian artery and vein
Thoracic outlet syndrome
Etiology of thoracic outlet syndrome
Are results of a anatomic defects, such as a cervical rib or an unusually tight band of fibrous tissue connecting the spine to the first rib
Is the result of compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Etiology of carpal tunnel
Are repetitive use of the wrist, direct trauma and some structural abnormalities
