Pathology: Cardiovascular Tumors

Question 1

Benign Neoplasms: Developmental and Aquired Condtions

• Name the Hemangiomas (4)
• Name the Lymphangiomas (3)
• Name the Vascular Ectasiases (3)
• Name the reacive Vascular prolierations (1)

Answer 1

• Name the Hemangiomas (4)
  
  1. Capillary Hemangioma
  2. Cavevernous Hemangioma
  3. Pyogenic Granuloma
  4. Juvenile (strawberry)
• Name the Lymphangiomas (3)
  
  1. Simple (Capillary) Lymphangioma
  2. Cavernous Lymphangioma (Cystic hgroma)
  3. Glomus Tumory
• Name the Vascular Ectasiases (3)
  
  1. Nevus Flammeus
  2. Spider Telangiectasia (Arterial Spider)
  3. Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasas aka Osler-Weber-Rendu
• Name the reacive Vascular prolierations (1)
  
  1. ​Bacillary Angiomatosi

Question 2

Intermediate-Grade Neoplasms and Malignant Neoplams

• Name the Intermediate-Grade Neoplasms (2)
• Name the common Malignant Neoplam (1)

Answer 2

• Name the Intermediate-Grade Neoplasms (2)
  
  1. Kaposi Sarcoma
  2. Hemangioendothelioma
• Name the common Malignant Neoplam (1)
  
  1. Angiosarcoma

Question 3

• What does Ectasia mean?
• What does Telangiectasia mean?
• Are these true neoplasms?

Answer 3

• What does Ectasia mean?
  
  • Ectasia is a generic term for any local dilation of a
    structure.
• What does Telangiectasia mean?
  
  • Term used to describe a permanent dilation
    of preexisting small vessels that forms a
    discrete red lesion.
• Are these true neoplasms?
  
  • No

Question 4

Nevus flammeus

• What is notable about the incidency of this type of vascular ectasia?
• How does it manifest?
• Most of these regress spontaneously. What special kind of Nevus flammeus does not reress?

Answer 4

Question 5

Sturge-Weber Syndrome and Vascular Ectasias

• What nerve is assocated with this?
• What are some conditions associated with this?
• What would a large facial telangiectasia in a child with mental
  deficiencies be a possible indication for?

Answer 5

Question 6

Spider telangiectasias

• These are non-neoplastic vascular lesions
• What is notable about their appearance?
• What areas of the body they usually appear in?
• What is the condition that they are most commonly associated with?

Answer 6

Question 7

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu disease)

• What kind genetics?
  
  • What is usually mutated?
• What are the malformations seen in this composed of?
• Where do these usaully appear?
• If these lesions rupture, what can happen?

Answer 7

Question 8

Hemangiomas

• How common are these?
• Are they malignant?
• Where are they usually confined to?
• If they become extensive, thwere to abou 1/3 of hemangiomas manifest?

Answer 8

Question 9

Hemangiomas: Capillary hemangiomas

• How common are these types of hemangiomas, relative to other tpes of hemangiomas?
• Where do they occur in the body?
• What do they look like on a histological level?

Answer 9

Question 10

Juvenile hemangiomas (“strawberry hemangiomas”)

• What PT population is thi smost common in?
• How fast do they grow?
  
  • Do they regress?
• Where are these most notably seen on the body, and what do they look like?

Answer 10

Question 11

Hemangiomas: Pyogenic granulomas

• What kind of Hemangioma are these?
• How fast do they grow?
• What do they look like?
• Where do they appear on the body?
  
  • When do about 25% of them apear?
• What complications do they cause?
• How big can they get?
• What is a a usually curative Tx?

Answer 11

Question 12

Hemangiomas: Cavernous hemangiomas

• What are they composed of?
• Compared with capillary hemangiomas:
  
  • Which is more infiltrative?
  • What type of strucutres are frequently involved?
  • Which regresses spontaneously?

Answer 12

Question 13

Characteristics of Cavernous hemangiomas

• What two conditions are generally assocaited with this?
  
  • How are they treated if they become serious?
  • What problems can these 2 conditions lead to?
• Why are brain hemangiomas problematic?

Answer 13

Question 14

Hippel-Lindau disease

• What type of hemangioma is involved with this disease?
• Where do teh vascular lesions commonly manifest?

Answer 14

Question 15

Simple (capillary) lymphangiomas

• What is notable about the morphology of these lesions?
  
  • How big are they?
• Where do they occur in the body?
• What are most lymphangiomas composed of?
  
  • What are they NOT composed of?

Answer 15

Question 16

Cavernous lymphangiomas (cystic hygromas)

• What population usually has these?
• Where do they occur in the body?
  
  • How big can they get?
• What are they composed of, and what lies in their stroma?
• Why is resection of them hard?
• What genetic condition are these common in?

Answer 16

Question 17

Glomus Tumors (Glomangiomas)

• Are these maligant or benign?
• What is notable about how these patients present?
• What endogenous cells do these cells arise from, what homeostatic function are they normally involved in?
• How do you differentiate between these and cavernous hemangiomas?
• What happens to the wall of the glomus vessel associated with these?

Answer 17

Question 18

Glomus Tumors (Glomangiomas)

• What portion of the body is typical involved?
  
  • What cures patients of these disease?

Answer 18

Question 19

Bacillary Angiomatosis

• What happens to vascular proligeration in this disease?
• Who usually gets it?
• Where do they appear in the body?
• What kind of bacteria are usually involved? Name the two species that have been implicated?
  
  • Which one caueses a necortizing granulomatous infllation of lymph nodes?

Answer 19

Question 20

Bacillary Angiomatosis

• What happens to the skin of PTs who have this?
• What is seen on a histolgical scale?
• What do the infectious bacteria cause host tissues to release, and what does this do to vascular proliferation?
• How do you get rid of these lesions and infections?

Answer 20

Question 21

Intermediate-Grade (Borderline) Tumors: Kaposi Sarcoma

• What pathogen causes this tumor?
• What disease is is associated with, and why would this be a possible reason for the area of the world that it is most common in?
• What are the 4 types of KS, and what charistics are the classifed by?

Answer 21

Question 22

Classic KS

• Who is this common in?
• What is it associated with?
• How does it manifest on the skin?
  
  • Where does it manifest?
• Does it kill people?

Answer 22

Question 23

Endemic African Kaposi Sarcoma

• What age group gets this?
  
  • What disease do this patients NOT have?
• What important strucutres does this affect in the body?
• What can you see on a histological level?

Answer 23

Question 24

Transplant-assocaited KS

• Is this aggressive or self-limiting?
• Where in the body does it affect?
  
  • Why would this not be an obvious disease after a transplat?
• What is the treatment for this and why is this treatment somewhat counterintutive based the generaly presentation of Kaposi Sarcomas?

Answer 24

Question 25

AIDS Associated KS

• This is the most common HIV-related malignany? Is it common for AIDS patients do die from it?
• What has caused an decrease incidence of it?
  
  • How much more common is KS in AIDS patients than healthy patients?
  • How common is it in HIV-infected Americans?
• Where in the body does it affect?

Answer 25

Question 26

Kaposi Sarcoma

• What pathogen is seen at every lesion in this disease?
• How do people get affected by this disease?
• What type of immune cell is implicated in disease progression?
• What does the pathogen responsible for this do to endothelial cells?
• How do these cells inhibit apoptosis? (HINT: its fu*king cancer)
• What is charicteristic in the late stage of this disease?

Answer 26

Question 27

Classic KS

• What stages do skin lesions progroess through?
  
  • Does this happen in the other forms of KS

Answer 27

Question 28

Classic KS

• Skin Lesions: Patches
  
  • What do the patches on the skin of patients look like?
  • What can the inflammorty cell infiltrate in the patches contain?
  • Where do this usually ocur on the body?
    
    • Over time, what can this patches turn into as the lesions spread to other parts of the body?

Answer 28

Question 29

KS Moprhology

• What appears in the later stages of the disease?
  
  • Where do they occur in the body? How is this altered in the AIDS-associted varient?
  • What cell are these made of?
  • What is notable histological feature of this disease? (aka buzz-word)

Answer 29

Question 30

Kaposi Sarcoma: Clinical Features

• What pathogen causes this?
  
  • Are most patients infected withasymptomic or symptomatic?
• Classic KS
  
  • What is the best treatment for this variant of KS?
• KS associated with immunosuppression (non-HIV)
  
  • What is often the Tx for this type of KS?
• AIDS-associted KS
  
  • What type of therapy is most benificial?
  • What cytokine and bodily process can be inhibited to improve prognosis?

Answer 30

Question 31

Hemangioendotheliomas

• Why can these tumors be considered “in-between’ers” compared to others?
• In adults, where to most of these tumors occur?
• Clinical Course
  
  • What is the curative Tx for this condition?
  • Do these often metastasize?

Answer 31

Question 32

Angiosarcomas

• What other tumor do angiosarcomas resemble?
• What group of people does this have a higher incidence in?
• Where do lesions most often occur in the body? (4)
• Are these aggresive cancers?
• Lymphangiosarcoma
  
  • Excision of what other type of cancer can cause these? How?

Answer 32

Question 33

Hepatic Angiosarcomas

• What 2 carcinogens can cause this type of cancer?
  
  • How long does it take for tumors to develop?
• What replaces teh parenchyma of the liver?

Answer 33

Question 34

Angiosarcomas

• Although histolgical presentation may be variable 2 things are often found?
• What are the two factors that stains target to differentiate the tumor for healthy tissue?

Answer 34

Question 35

Cardiac Tumors

• Are these usally metastatic or benign?
• What are the 5 most common types of primary cardiac tumors?
• What is the most common MALIGNANT cardiac tumor?

Answer 35

Question 36

Myxomas

• What is notable about the incidence of these tumors?
• Where do they usaully occur in the heart?
  
  • Where in that region do they often occur?
• What can you see on a histological scale?

Answer 36

Question 37

Myxomas

• What 3 things cause the clinical manifestations of myxomas?
  
  • What cytokine is associated with one of these 3 things?
    *

Answer 37

Question 38

Myxomas

• How are most of these tumors dx’ed?
• What tx is almost always curative?

Answer 38

Question 39

Rhabdomyomas

• What population do these most commonly affect?
• How are they discovered usaully, and what is the most common reason for death?
• Mutations in what genes are assocaited with these?
• What do you see on an echocardiogram?

Answer 39

Question 40

Rhabdomyomas

• What condition/genes are usually associated with these?
  
  • What does this do to myocytes?
• What would you consider a rhabdomyomas if it spontaneously regresses?

Answer 40

Question 41

Rhabdomyomas

• What do this tumors look like, and what part of the heart do they usually protude into?
• What kind of cells are usually associated with these tumors, and what noitable sturcture can be seen on a histologcal slide?

Answer 41

Question 42

Metastatic Tumors

• Where do most tumors that metastasize to the heart come from? (5) (L’s and M’s)
• What is the mechanism of transport for cancerous cells?

Answer 42

Question 43

Metastatic Tumors

• Which is more common: Metastatic tumors that spread to the heart or primary cardiac tumors