Pathology: Cardiomyopathy Flashcards

1
Q

What causes Cardiomyopathies?

A
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2
Q
  • Three clinical, functional, and pathologic patterns are recognized.
    • What are they?
    • Which one is most common, which is the least common?
    • Which are associated with diastolic dysfunction and which are associated with systolic dysfunction?
A
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3
Q

For this type of Cardiomyopathy

  • Describe the LC ejection fraction
  • Mechanism of heart failure
  • General Causes
  • Secondary Myocardial Dysfunction

Dilated

A
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4
Q

For this type of Cardiomyopathy

  • Describe the LC ejection fraction
  • Mechanism of heart failure
  • General Causes
  • Secondary Myocardial Dysfunction

Hypertrophic

A
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5
Q

For this type of Cardiomyopathy

  • Describe the LC ejection fraction
  • Mechanism of heart failure
  • General Causes
  • Secondary Myocardial Dysfunction

Hypertrophic

A
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6
Q

Dilated Cardiomyopathy

  • What are the two main characteristics?
  • What is it usually concurrent with?
  • Why is early dx important for this disease?
A
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7
Q
  • Genetic and epidemiologic studies suggest that at least five pathways can lead to end-stage Dilated Cardiomyopathy
    • List them
A
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8
Q

Genetic Causes of Dilated Cardiomyopathy

  • What percentage of cases are genetic?
  • What kind of inheritance is usually the case?
  • What mutations are involved?
  • What protein is associated with the X-chromosome?
A
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9
Q

Mutations in what protein accounts for approximately 20% of all dilated
cardiomyopathy?

A
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10
Q

Pathogenesis of Dilated Cardiomyopathy

  • Infection with what virus is most common in late-stage DCM?
  • What condition is a common precursor to DCM?
A
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11
Q

Pathogenesis of Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Toxic exposure

  • What are some of the toxic agents that can cause DCM?
    • Which agent is a chemotherapy drug?
  • What is heart disease is associated with chronic alcohol abuse and its related consequences?
A
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12
Q

Peripartum Cardiomyopathy

  • When does this occur in pregnancy?
  • What can cause this condition? (5)
  • What is the primary defect in this condition, and what does it lead to?
A
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13
Q
  • How does Iron Overload lead to DCM?
  • What genetic condition can lead to iron overload?
  • What other type of cardiomyopathy can it cause?
A
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14
Q

Morphology of Dilated Cardiomyopathy

  • What are the general changes that occur to the heart?
  • What type of thrombi are often present?
A
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15
Q
  • In DCM
    • What happens to most myocytes?
    • What areas of the heart show fibrosis?
  • In DCM secondary to iron overload,
    • What accumulates in cells
A
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16
Q

Clinical Features of Dilated Cardiomyopathy

  • What age do most patients get dx with this?
  • What condition is usually associated with this?
    • What symptoms do PTs present with?
  • What is the prognosis for patients?
    • How do they usually die?
  • What is the only definitive treatment for DCM?
A
17
Q

Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy

  • What kind of genetic order is this?
  • What cardiac manifestation accompanies this condition?
  • How prevalent is this condition?
  • What specific population has 10% of its sudden deaths attributed to it?
  • What happens to the right ventricle wall, and why?
A
18
Q

How can you tell that this heart and histological stain are from a patient who had Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy?

A
19
Q

What proteins are implicated in Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy?

What puts stress on these proteins that eventually make them detach?

A
20
Q

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

  • What are the 3 main characteristics of this condition?
  • How does the shape of the heart change?
  • What happens to systolic function?
A
21
Q

What two disorders can hypertrophic cardiomyopathy be mistaken for?

A
22
Q

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

  • What type of mutations are usually the cause of this condition?
    • What type of genes are usually mutated?
    • What kind of inheritance pattern is usually the case?
  • What is the result of most of the mutations?
A
23
Q

In hypertrophic cardiomyopathy,

  • What is the most frequently involved sarcomeric protein?
    • What 2 other proteins are commonly involved? (These make up the majority of all cases of HCM)
A
24
Q

Morphology of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

  • What happens to the ventricles and myocardium?
    • What occurs in about 10% of cases?
  • What shape does this ventricle start to adopt?
  • What happens to the mitral valve, particularly the anterior leaflet, during ventricular systole?
    • What does this produce?
A
25
Q

Histologic features in HCM

  • What happens to the myocytes?
  • What kind of fibrosis is seen, if any?
A
26
Q

Clinical Features of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

  • When does this usually manifest in patients?
  • What happens to the left ventricle and stroke volume? Why?
    • What happens in about 25% of patients that is related to this?
  • A harsh systolic ejection murmur is often heard. What is this a sign of?
A
27
Q

Clinical Features of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

  • What type of death is often associated with HCM?
  • In HCM, Myocardial ischemia (with angina) is often observed? What is the cause of this?
  • What are the major clinical problems that result from HCM?
  • What type of therapies usually helps patients?
A
28
Q

Restrictive Cardiomyopathy

  • What happens to the ventricles, what does this do to diastole?
  • What are the common causes of systemic diseases that cause this disorder?
  • What are the 3 main forms of Restrictive Cardiomyopathy?
A
29
Q
  • What form of Restrictive Cardiomyopathy is associated with insoluble β-pleated sheets?
    • What kind of systemic condition can this occur in?
    • Can this form of Restrictive Cardiomyopathy be predominantly restricted to the heart?
      • What racial group has a 4% risk of developing this?
A
30
Q

Restrictive Cardiomyopathy: Endomyocardial Fibrosis

  • What population does this mainly affect?
  • What is it characterized by? What valves are affected?
  • What conditions has it been linked to?
A
31
Q

Loeffler Endomyocarditis

  • What area of the heart does this effect, and how?
  • What is characterized by?

A
32
Q

Morphology of Restrictive Cardiomyopathy

  • What is notable about the myocardium?
  • What is notable about the atria? Why?
A
33
Q

Morphology of Restrictive Cardiomyopathy

  • What does microscopic examination usually reveal?
A

Interstitial fibrosis

34
Q

This person has a special type of restrictive CM.

  • What kind is it, and how can you tell?
A