Pathology and STIs Flashcards
1
Q
What is endometriosis
A
- 1:10 females affected
- Endometrium found outside uterus (ovaries, bladder, bowel)
- Symptoms: Variable, pelvic pain, infertility
- Treatment: Medical, surgical, complementary treatment
2
Q
What is cervical cancer
A
- Growth of tumour usually in transformation zone
- Risk Factors: Cervical inflammation, STIs (HPV), cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)
- Treatment: Cryotherapy, loop excision, hysterectomy, pelvic radiotherapy, chemotherapy
- Gardasil: Vaccine, protects against HPV 6 / 11 (low) and 16 / 18 (high)
3
Q
What is breast cancer
A
- Arises from epithelial cells of ducts
- Hereditary, tumour suppressor genes BRCA1 / 2, recessive (10%)
- Treatment: Radiation, chemo, surgery (mastectomy)
4
Q
What is cryptorchidism
A
- Undescended testes / absence of testes from scrotum
- Treatment: Surgery, orchidopexy
- Risks: Untreated can lead to infertility, testicular torsion, cancers
5
Q
What is hydrocele
A
- Swelling in scrotum, fluid accumulation in-between layers of tunica vaginalis
- Common in newborns, caused in adults by infection / injury
- Painless and disappears without treatment
6
Q
What is torsion of the testes
A
- Spermatic cord rotates / twists, cutting of testicle blood supply
- Sudden pain and swelling
- Spontaneous / post trauma
- Immediate surgery to save testicle or death of tissue occurs
7
Q
What is prostate cancer
A
- Most common cancer in men
- Adenocarcinoma of prostate
- Risks: Androgens, hereditary, somatic mutations
- Morphology: Lack basal cell layer of glands, crowded, lack branching / papillary folding, enlarged / multi nuclei
8
Q
What is testicular cancer
A
- Heterogenous / neoplasm tumour
- Cause unknown
- Risk 3-5x greater in undescended testes
- Genetic factor involved
9
Q
What are STIs
A
- Infections passed on from one person to another by intimate or sexual contact, single most important cause of reproductive disorders
- Bacterial and viral
- Transmission via sex, bodily fluids, skin-to-skin contact, vertical transmission (pregnant)
10
Q
What are general signs of STIs
A
- Pain, fever, malaise, discharge, swelling, burning, itching
- Burning / frequent urination
- F discharge: yellow / green, chunky, foul smelling
- M discharge: Watery, clear or cloudy or bloody
11
Q
What is chlamydia
A
- Cause: Chlamydia trachomatis (bacterial)
- Symptoms: Minimal, dyspnoea, lower abdominal pain, painful urination
- Treatment: Antibiotics
12
Q
What is gonorrhoea
A
- Cause: Neisseria gonorrhoeae (bacterial), mucous membrane
- Symptoms: Discharge of pus, dysuria, urethritis or asymptomatic
- Treatment: Antibiotics
13
Q
What is syphilis
A
Cause: Treponema pallidum (bacteria)
Symptoms:
- Primary: Asymptomatic (2-3 weeks), then painless syphilitic sore, chancre (disappears)
- Secondary: Pink skin rash, fever, joint pain (3-12 weeks)
- Tertiary: Latent period (6-12mo), develop in CNS, BV, bone, skin, damage eyes, ears, heart, brain
Treatment: Penicillin
14
Q
What is HIV
A
- Cause: Retrovirus, infects T cells, can cause AIDS
- Transmission: Bodily fluids, during vaginal birth
- Treatment: Antiviral drugs, ZDV reduces transmission
15
Q
What is hepatitis B (HBV)
A
- Cause: Hepatitis B virus
- Symptoms: Cirrhosis, liver cancer / failure
- Treatment: Vaccine
