pathology and diagnosis pt 2 Flashcards
% of general population in America experienced 1 of 5 of ofacial pain types in the past 6
months (3)
22%
% reported Toothache
12
% reported TemporomandibularJoint (TMJ) pain
5
% reported face or cheek
1.4
% of general population reported pain in the head, face or neck. (1)
10% of general population reported pain in the head, face or neck. (1)
% reported facial pain in the previous 6 months (2)
12% reported facial pain in the previous 6 months (2)
% reported headaches in the previous 6 months
26% reported headaches in the previous 6 months
OROFACIAL PAIN
PREVALENCE
* % of patients reporting to an
orofacial pain center had pain
sources beyond the trigeminal
system (i.e. chronic low back pain)
- 81% of patients reporting to an
orofacial pain center had pain
sources beyond the trigeminal
system (i.e. chronic low back pain)
MEDICAL CONDITIONS COMORBID WITH TMD
- Fibromyalgia
- Chronic fatigue syndrome
- Headache
- GERD
- IBS
- Multiple chemical sensitivity
- PTSD
TMJ TRANSLATION - NORMAL diagrammed
DISC DERANGEMENT DISORDERS
- Disc displacement with reduction
- Disc displacement without reduction: acute & chronic
Articular Disc Displacement:
1. relationship of articular disc and condyle.
2. Displacement is usually in what direction?
3. Pain or mandibular symptoms?
- Abnormal relationship/misalignment of articular
disc and condyle. - Displacement is usually anterior or anteromedial direction. vertical and lateral moves affected
- Pain or mandibular symptoms are not specific
for disc derangement disorders.
DISC DISPLACEMENT WITH REDUCTION
1. From a closed mouth position, the disc?
2. click?
3. Asymptomatic tx?
4. Also called
- From a closed mouth position, the “temporarily”
misaligned disc reduces or improves its
structural relation with the condyle during
translation resulting in a joint noise (clicking or
popping). - Reciprocal click (opening/closing click)
- Asymptomatic clicking does not require
treatment. - Also called internal derangement
ETIOLOGY: DISC DISPLACEMENT WITH REDUCTION
1. Macrotrauma?
2. Microtrauma?
3. Poor?
4. mm hyperactivity?
5. joint mobility?
- Macrotrauma- direct trauma/injury to the jaw
- Microtrauma-chronic bruxism
- Poor lubrication
- Lateral pterygoid hyperactivity
- Joint hypermobility/Ligament laxity
DISC DISPLACEMENT WITH
REDUCTION opening pattern
shift to affected side
DISC DISPLACEMENT WITH REDUCTION
Diagnostic Criteria (must be present)
1. Reproducible?
2. Soft tissue imaging reveals?
3. Absence of?
- Reproducible joint noise occurring during opening & closing.
- Soft tissue imaging reveals displaced disc which improves its position during opening.
- Absence of extensive degenerative bone changes.
DISC DISPLACEMENT WITH REDUCTION tx pyramid
DISC DISPLACEMENT WITH INTERMITTENT NON-REDUCTION
Diagnostic Criteria (must be present):
1. mouth opening?
2. Deflection?
3. ROM
4. Patient can?
- Persistent limited mouth opening <35mm with hx of sudden onset and PAIN.May last
seconds to a few minutes. - Deflection to affected side on mouth opening
- Marked limited laterotrusion to the contralateral side (if unilateral disorder)
- Patient can apply pressure to the affected joint, relax and wait for disc to reduce.
DISC DISPLACEMENT WITHOUT REDUCTION
1. Disc is?
2. Disc does not?
3. closed?
4. MRI shows?
- Disc is non-reducing or permanently
displaced. - Disc does not improve its relation with
the condyle on translation. - “closed lock”
- MRI shows no disc recapture on mouth
opening
DISC DISPLACEMENT WITHOUT REDUCTION diagrammed
result of a dysmorphic disc
DISC DISPLACEMENT
WITHOUT REDUCTION opening pattern
deflection to affected side
DISC DISPLACEMENT WITHOUT REDUCTION (ACUTE)
1. Sudden?
2. Secondary to?
3. Pain?
4. deflection?
- Sudden & marked limited mouth opening due to jamming or fixation of disc .
- Secondary to disc adhesion, deformation, or dystrophy.
- Pain is often present when attempting to open mouth.
- Straight line deflection to affected side on opening.
DISC DISPLACEMENT WITHOUT REDUCTION (ACUTE)
Diagnostic Criteria (must be present):
1. mouth opening?
2. Deflection?
3. Marked limited movement where?
4. MRI reveals?
- Persistent limited mouth opening <35mm with hx of sudden onset
- Deflection to affected side on mouth opening
- Marked limited laterotrusion to the contralateral side (if unilateral disorder)
- MRI reveals displaced disc without reduction. X-rays show no extensive
osteoarthritic changes.
DISC DISPLACEMENT PROGNOSIS
The Majority of patients with Disc displacement with reduction do
not progress to disc displacement without reduction!!
ARTHROCENTESIS
1. needle insertion?
2. A second needle?
3. During arthrocentesis, the jaw can be?
4. Local anesthetic &/or steroids?
- Needle is inserted into the superior joint
space and lactated Ringer’s solution is
used to distend joint space. Done under
IV sedation. - A second needle is then placed into the
superior joint space and the TMJ is
lavaged. - During arthrocentesis, the jaw can be
gently manipulated to increase range of
motion since patient is sedated. - Local anesthetic &/or steroids are
injected at completion of procedure for
pain management.
ARTHROCENTESIS
Once procedure is done, patient will need?
The disc may?
Once procedure is done, patient will need physical
therapy and possibly an anterior repositioning splint
to keep disc from becoming non-reducing and to
help prevent re-formation of fibrous adhesions or
capsular constriction.
The disc may displace in the future
ARTHROCENTESIS INDICATIONS
For treatment of intra-articular joint restrictions of jaw movement. Examples follow:
- Acute closed lock with limited ROM that does not resolve. Best success occurs if procedure is done within 2-3 weeks following jaw locking.
- Acute pain in TMJ not responsive to medications and conservative treatment (i.e. splint therapy , physical therapy or intra-articular steroid injection).
DISC DISPLACEMENT WITHOUT
REDUCTION (CHRONIC)
Diagnostic Criteria (must be present):
1. Hx of ?
2. MRI reveals ?
3. Hard tissue imaging reveals?
- Hx of sudden onset of limited mouth
opening that occurred > 4 months
ago - MRI reveals displaced disc without
reduction. - Hard tissue imaging reveals no
extensive osteoarthritic changes.
DISC DISPLACEMENT
WITHOUT REDUCTION tx pyramid
ARTHROSCOPY
1. Allows visualization of ?
2. what can be used through the
arthroscope to correct problem?
3. Small cannula is inserted into the
superior joint space & is connected to?
4. Lasers?
- Allows visualization of glenoid fossa and
superior aspect of disc - Forceps, scissors, sutures, medication,
needles, cautery probes, burs and
shavers can be used through the
arthroscope to correct problem. - Small cannula is inserted into the
superior joint space & is connected to a
TV camera and video monitor - Lasers can be used to eliminate
adhesions, inflamed tissue, & incise tissue
within the joint.
ARTHROSCOPY
Arthroscopy surgically corrects a variety of
intracapsular disorders including:
1. examples?
2. Patients receive what following this?
- disc displacement without reduction, hypomobility as a result of fibrosis or adhesions, degenerative joint disease and hypermobility. It is useful for minor debridement and lavage, incision of minor adhesions, and biopsies
- Patients receive physical therapy following surgical treatment
INDICATIONS FOR ARTHROSCOPY
1. Chronic?
2. Always what patient prior to arthroscopy?
- Chronic TMJ pain with limited range of opening that has failed to respond to conservative treatment or arthrocentesis
- Always re-evaluate patient prior to arthroscopy
Equipment for Arthroscopy
ARTHROSCOPY research
1. A recent prospective, randomized clinical trial on efficacy?
2. Upper joint space lavage may be ineffective in ?
3. further research?
- A recent prospective, randomized clinical trial found arthroscopy no better than physical therapy in the treatment of restricted jaw range of motion and pain due to intraarticular disease.
- Upper joint space lavage may be ineffective in decreasing pain & increasing mouth opening in patients treated for disc displacement without reduction.
- Clearly, further research is needed to determine the appropriate application of arthroscopy and adjunctive technologies such as the laser.
INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS of TMJ
- Synovitis/capsulitis/arthralgia
- Polyarthritides
SYNOVITIS/CAPSULITIS
(ARTHRALGIA)
Inflammation of synovial lining of TMJ due to trauma or
infection
SYNOVITIS/CAPSULITIS (ARTHRALGIA) Diagnostic Criteria (must be present):
1. pain?
2. x-rays?
- Localized TMJ pain exacerbated by function (esp.
posterior or superior loading) - No extensive osteoarthritic changes seen on x-rays.
SYNOVITIS/CAPSULITIS (ARTHRALGIA):
Minor Criteria (may be present):
pain?
ROM?
swelling? occlusion?
Ear?
MRI?
Localized TMJ pain at rest
Limited ROM secondary to pain
Fluctuant swelling (due to effusion) that decreases ability to occlude on ipsilateral
posterior teeth.
Ear pain
Bright MRI signal when fluid is present
SYNOVITIS AND CAPSULITIS
(ARTHRALGIA)
1. Inflammation of?
2. Occurs after?
3. pain?
4. Movement of TMJ?
5. Palpation?
- Inflammation of the synovial structures
- Occurs after trauma, bruxism or wide opening
- Continuous pain in TMJ
- Movement of TMJ increases pain
- Palpation over capsule increases pain
SYNOVITIS AND CAPSULITIS
(ARTHRALGIA)
1. opening?
2. Edema?
3. Posterior teeth ?
- Limited mandibular opening due to pain
- Edema can cause inferior displacement of the
mandible due to swelling creating a
malocclusion. Edema is visible on MRI of TMJ. - Posterior teeth do not occlude on closing
RETRODISCITIS
Inflammation of ?
Occurs following ?
Occurs after ?
Constant sensation?
Inflammation of retrodiscal tissue (posterior attachment)
Occurs following trauma, bruxism or wide opening
Occurs after constant clicking or dislocation
Constant deep pain
POLYARTHRITIDES
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Juvenile arthritis
- Ankylosing spondylitis
- Psoriatic arthritis
- Infectious arthritis
- Gout (crystal-induced disease)
POLYARTHRITIDES DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA
Must be present:
1. Pain ?
2. tenderness?
3. ROM?
4. Radiographic evidence of?
Must be present:
1. Pain with jaw function
2. Point tenderness on TMJ palpation
3. Limited range of motion secondary to pain
4. Radiographic evidence of extensive TMJ changes
POLYARTHRITIDES imaging changing
flattened condyle, limited space, limited translation
POLYARTHRITIDES DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA
May be present:
1. Any of characteristics of ?
2. Pain while?
3. lab tests?
4. noises?
- Any of characteristics of osteoarthritis
- Pain while mandible is at rest
- Positive laboratory serology test (rheumatoid factor, sedimentation rate, antinuclear antibody- ANA)
- Crepitus (grinding noises) with condylar translation
NON-INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS
- Osteoarthritis
- Osteoarthrosis
OSTEOARTHRITIS DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA
Primary: All of the following must be present:
1. No other?
2. Pain with?
3. tender?
4. Radiographic evidence of?
All of the following must be present:
1. No other identifiable etiological factor
2. Pain with jaw function & movement
3. Point tenderness on TMJ palpation
4. Radiographic evidence of structural bony change (not as
extensive as seen in inflammatory arthritis)
OSTEOARTHRITIS imaging of closed mouth
OSTEOARTHRITIS imaging of open mouth
OSTEOARTHRITIS
May be present:
1. rom?
2. noise?
- Limited range of motion, deviation to the
affected side - Crepitus or multiple joint noises
OSTEOARTHROSIS
1. defined?
2. pain?
3. what during any movement
4. radiographs
- Chronic arthritis of non-inflammatory character
- No pain report or pain on palpation
- Coarse crepitus in TMJ during any movement
- NO radiographic degenerative changes
ARTHRALGIA
Pain with? noises?
- Pain with jaw function
- Pain on TMJ palpation
- No TMJ noises
ARTHRALGIA TREATMENT pyramid
DENTAL MANAGEMENT OF OROFACIAL PAIN PATIENTS
1. appt length
2. jaw opening?
3. scaling?
4. NSAIDs or Tylenol use?
5. Ethyl chloride?
- Keep appointment shorter than 1-2 hours. Frequent rest periods during
appointment. - Limit jaw opening when possible.
- Use sonic scaler/Cavitron when possible to expedite hygiene appointment.
- NSAIDs or Tylenol 30 minutes prior to appt and for 24h (if no contraindications).
- Ethyl chloride spray during appointment.
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS RELATED TO
DENTAL CARE IN OROFACIAL PAIN
PTS: hygiene/ hygiene appts
Oral hygiene may be less than optimal due to restricted range of motion &/or pain on opening (i.e. flossing).
Patient’s pain may increase following hygiene appt. due to length of time required to keep mouth open (i.e. digastric & inferior lateral pterygoid may result in referred pain to TMJ, maxillary sinus, & mandibular incisors).
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS RELATED TO DENTAL CARE IN OROFACIAL PAIN
PTS
Clenching/bruxism?
ROM?
Sensation of malocclusion may occur due to?
Clenching/bruxism may cause teeth to be sensitive to
percussion and temperature changes (i.e. hot or cold).
Restricted range of motion & muscle tiredness may make it
difficult for patient to remain open for extended period of
time.
Sensation of malocclusion may occur due to Trigger Point
tension with shortening of muscles seen in Myofascial Pain.
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS RELATED TO DENTAL CARE IN OROFACIAL PAIN
PTS
Locking ? open locking?
Clicking sounds in the TMJ may result fromthe dysfunction of?
Locking may occur during dental appointment. If OPEN LOCK, get Oral Surgeon immediately to reduce mandible.
Clicking sounds in the TMJ may result from dysfunction of the lateral pterygoid muscles (i.e. extended opening).