Pathology

Question 1

Functions of the cervix

Answer 1

1. Prevents pathogens entering uterus
2. Promotes passage of sperm into Fallopian tube
3. Role in normal pregnancy and childbirth
4. Site of inflammation for STIs
5. Major site of primary cancer

Question 2

Chronic inflammation definition

Answer 2

A prolonged host response to persistent stimuli/injury

Question 3

Causes of chronic inflammation

Answer 3

ACUTE IRRITANT that’s not eliminated
Persistent acute inflammation
Autoimmune
Hypersensitivity reaction
LOW INTENSITY IRRITANT of LONG PERSISTANCE
Endogenous/exogenous toxic substances eg. In atherosclerosis
Foreign body
Certain types of chronic infection eg. TB

Question 4

Sarcoidosis

Answer 4

Disease of unknown cause characterised by non-necrotising Granulomas in multiple organs eg. Lungs, skin, lymph nodes

Question 5

Immune granulomas

Answer 5

Type of granulomatous chronic inflammation in which the agent produces a PERSISTENT T-CELL mediated immune response eg. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Have: epithelioid macrophages, lymphocytes, (+/- giant cells +/- central necrosis)

Question 6

Non-immune granulomas

Answer 6

Response to FOREIGN BODIES.
Occur typically in ABSENCE of IMMUNE RESPONSE
Have MULTINUCLEATED GIANT CELLS that surround foreign material

Question 7

Chemical mediators (important)

Answer 7

IFN-gamma, IL-1, TNF (activate macrophages)

Question 8

Ectocervix lined by

Answer 8

Squamous epithelium

Question 9

Endocervix lined by

Answer 9

Columnar epithelium

Question 10

Metaplasia

Answer 10

REVERSIBLE CONVERSION of one cell type into another in order to withstand an injurious/hostile environment i.e. tissue injury adaptation, change in cellular identity
Persistent abnormal stimuli-> risk of dysplasia