Pathology

Question 1

define hyperplasia with examples

Answer 1

Increase in cell number in response to a stimulus
Endometrial hyperplasia
Interstitial cell hyperplasia in the testis

Question 2

define hypertrophy and example

Answer 2

increase in cell size in response to stimulus

enlargement of ventricular myocardium

Question 3

define atrophy

Answer 3

loss of cell size/number due to withdrawal of a stimulus

Question 4

what is metaplasia and examples

Answer 4

reversible change from one mature cell type to another

Barrett’s

Question 5

what is neoplasia

Answer 5

blanket term for cell growth in absence of stimulus, benign, pre-malignant or malignant

Question 6

what is dysplasia

Answer 6

disordered growth, not in response to a stimulus

Question 7

what is carcinoma in situ

Answer 7

dysplasia affecting an entire sheet of epithelium, the last stage prior to malignancy

Question 8

define malignancy

Answer 8

autonomous growth invading beyond normal location and having metastatic potential

Question 9

true/false - carcinoma is rare in children and common in older people

Answer 9

true

Question 10

by what methods do carcinomas metastasise and is lymph node involvement common

Answer 10

haematogenous and lymphatic

local lymphatic spread is common

Question 11

what lymphatic spread does colorectal cancer have

Answer 11

local to mesentery, follows vascular supply

Question 12

true/false - in metastatic testicular cancer lymph node spread is confined to the inguinal lymph nodes

Answer 12

false - it spreads to para-aortic lymph nodes consistent with embryological development

Question 13

where are lung mets common

Answer 13

bone 
brain 
adrenal gland 
liver 
other parts of lung

Question 14

where is prostate cancer common to metastasise to

Answer 14

anywhere in the body

Question 15

what is a sarcoma

Answer 15

tumours of soft tissue that isnt epithelium

Question 16

true/false - children commonly get sarcoma

Answer 16

false - but its more common than carcinoma

Question 17

what places are children likely to get sarcoma

Answer 17

BBB
Blood
Brain
Bone

Question 18

true/false - lymphatic spread is almost diagnostic of sarcoma

Answer 18

false - it almost excludes it. large local growth and late haematogenous spread are more diagnostic

Question 19

what genetic feature is associated with sarcoma

Answer 19

specific and large translocations, seen on karyotyping

Question 20

smooth muscle benign and malignant tumour

Answer 20

leiomyoma/sarcoma

Question 21

skeletal muscle benign and malignant tumour

Answer 21

rhabdomyoma/sarcoma

Question 22

fat benign and malignant tumour

Answer 22

lipoma/liposarcoma

Question 23

bone benign and malignant tumour

Answer 23

osteoma/osteosarcoma

Question 24

cartilage benign and malignant tumour

Answer 24

chondroma/chondrosarcoma

Question 25

blood vessel benign and malignant tumour

Answer 25

haemangioma/angiosarcoma

Question 26

nerve benign and malignant tumour

Answer 26

neuroma/MPNST

Question 27

myeloid cancers affect?

Answer 27

granulocytes, red blood cells and platelets

Question 28

lymphoid cancers affect

Answer 28

t and b cells

Question 29

lymphoma is?

Answer 29

masses resembling tumours in lymph nodes

Question 30

diffuse organomegaly of lymphoma?

Answer 30

hepato/splenomegaly

Question 31

symptoms of haematogical malignancy occur due to blood disorders. explain the symptoms

Answer 31

low RBC - anaemia, pale, SOB, fatigue
Low WBC - infection
Low platelet - bleeding

Question 32

what do haematological malignancies look like?

Answer 32

solid white masses

resemble cells of origin and may appear clonal

Question 33

true/false - primary brain tumours metastasise to the lung

Answer 33

false - BBB means that brain primaries remain in the brain

Question 34

lesions in the brain are ___ till proven otherwise

Answer 34

metastasis

Question 35

most common cause of secondary metastasis to the brain

Answer 35

carcinoma from elsewhere in the body