Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Ophthalmology > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the histology of the lens

A

Largely enucleate with cells that elongate to produce fires

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the main pathology of the lens?

A

Cataracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are cataracts?

A

Opacification’s within the lens (50% of all causes of blindness worldwide)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

In the UK what is the main cause of cataracts?

A

Age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How do cataracts occur due to ageing?

A

As the lens epithelium matures eventually the cell contents are replaced and the nucleus disappears leaving a fibre within the lens. Alteration in reparative mechanism means that with age the fibres get stuck in a cross linked structure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What increases the likelihood of cataracts?

A

Cumulative UVB damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Other than age name some cases of cataracts

A

Hypertension, smoking, post-op, trauma, metabolic disease, genetics, diabetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does diabetes cause cataracts?

A

Changes to osmotic pressures alter the fluid content and damage fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is glaucoma?

A

Abnormal increase in pressure in the eye due to a blockage in the drainage system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does the increased pressure relate to?

A

Vitreous fluid and aqueous humour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe the physiological drainage of fluid

A

Through the trabecular meshwork and out schlemm’s canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where does glaucoma have the biggest impact?

A

Optic nerve and disc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Name two types of glaucoma

A

Open angled

Angle closure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the presentation and cause of open angled glaucoma

A

Due to poor drainage through the meshwork

Presents with slow onset often asymptomatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does treatment of glaucoma involve and aim to do?

A

Aims to slow down the disease by drugs that widen the canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the presentation and cause of angle closure glaucoma

A

Drainage is patent but the fluid cannot reach it as the lens is in contact with the iris.
Emergency - patient will be acutely unwell, red eye, visual loss and headache with nausea and vomiting

17
Q

How is angle closure glaucoma treated?

A

Laser surgery

18
Q

How can raised ICP present in the disc?

A

Cupping - rolled edges and a depressed centre

19
Q

Define papilloedema

A

Swelling of the optic nerve/disc due to increased ICP

20
Q

What are scleritis/episcleritis?

A

Inflammation of the sclera

21
Q

Describe scleritis

A

Rare but severe, associated with pain on movement and may have an underlying autoimmune aetiology

22
Q

What autoimmune diseases are associated with scleritis?

A

SLE, HLA B27 conditions

23
Q

Describe episcleritis

A

Superficial and self limiting with no clear cause

24
Q

What does ARMD stand for?

A

Age related macular degeneration

25
Q

What two types is ARMD divided into?

A

Dry - no significant vascular proliferation

Wet - vascular proliferation

26
Q

Describe dry ARMD

A

Accumulation of drusen which may become calcified presents with reduced acuity, partial visual loss or distorted vision

27
Q

Describe wet ARMD

A

Neovascularisation in choroid mediated by VEGF - new vessels are fragile and leaky which leads to haemorrhage and visual loss

28
Q

How can wet ARMD be treated?

A

Monoclonal antibodies to VEGF

29
Q

What can sometime be visible when looking at the eye in ARMD?

A

Grey membrane

30
Q

Name two changes that can occur in diabetics in the pupils

A 
Argyll Roberson (accommodate but don't react)
Peripheral Neuropathy
31
Q

Why do diabetics get cataracts?

A

Increased sugar in the lens, glucose is converted to sorbitol and this altered gradient leads to swelling and fire disruption

32
Q

What type of glaucoma is a rare late presentation in diabetics?

A

Rubeotic glaucoma - new vessel formation obstructs angle

33
Q

Describe retinopathy

A

Complex mechanisms lead to poor functioning vessels which are leaky causing aneurysms

34
Q

What happens in severe retinopathy?

A

New vessels form

35
Q

What is maculopathy?

A

Damage to the retina as a result of retinopathy causes oedema and ischaemia which can lead to visual loss

36
Q

When looking at the eye what might signify a patient has had laser surgery?

A

Lots of well demarcated light dots

37
Q

Name two types of occlusion disease

A

Central retinal artery occlusion

Central retinal vein occlusion

38
Q

What tumours can present in the eye?

A

BCC, SCC, Melanoma

39
Q

In terms of tumours what must you be careful of in the eye?

A

Retinal melanoma may look like a mole

Beware of metastatic disease

Ophthalmology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions