pathology Flashcards
MC benign condition in women
fibrocystic changes
MC non-skin malignancy in women
carcinoma of the breast
MC malignancy in the female genital tract
endometrial carcinoma
hyaline globules microscopically, mean?
AFP in yolk sac tumor
which of the following describes the preinvasive stage of germ cell tumor?
intratubular germ cell neoplasia (ITGCN)
MC malignant tumor of testes?
seminoma
2nd MC germ cell tumor in female?
yolk sac tumor
1st MC germ cell tumor in female?
teratoma
difference btw classic seminoma and dysgerminaoma?
grossly classic seminoma is homogenous + yellow gelatinous
grossly dysgerminoma is heterogeneous (hemorrhage and necrosis) + yellow-white to pink-grey
embryonic tumor microscopic
all feature of anaplastic cells + stroma not distinct and contain a variable amount of primitive mesenchyme
differences btw teratoma in male and femal
in male: no monodermal and it’s classification benign or malignant depends on age not maturity as in female
a patient comes to the clinic with painless testicular enlargement, which method best to deal with this patient?
we don’t do a biopsy because it can cause tumor spillage standard management if radical orchiectomy
difference btw steroli-lyding cell tumor in females and steroli OR lyding cells tumor in male?
in the male it can produce androgen and estrogen
in the female it produces androgen only
MC testicular tumor in patients older than 60?
malignant lymphoma
why the diagnosis of BPH usually can not be made by biopsy?
1- the needle is too small to appreciate the nodularity
2- don’t usually sample the TZ where BPH usually accrue
which of the following type of epithelial metaplasia present in the infarcted area in prominent BPH?
urothelial squamous metaplasia
which of the following type of epithelial metaplasia present in the infarcted area in prominent BPH?
urothelial squamous metaplasia
what are the main genes involved in the development of prostate adenocarcinoma?
- BRCA 2 germline mutation (hereditary)
- HOXB13 germline mutation (family history)
very large expansion of CAG codon will cause
Kennedy disease, but in specific length will give prostatic carcinoma
why most tumors eventually become resistant to androgen blockade?
1- ↑ no. of AR (amplification)
2- ligand-independent AR (activation)
3- non-androgen ligand (mutation)
4- alternative pathway (activation)
why PIN is a procedure of prostatic carcinoma?
1- they are on the same site
2- extent and frequency of PIN are more in prostatic cancer
3- share many molecular changes as ETS gene
staging in prostatic carcinoma
T1 => inapparent
T2 => confined to organ, visual , palpated
T3a => extra-capsular extension without seminal vesicle
T3b=> seminal vesicle invasion
T4 => invasion to organs
LN=> N0/N1
staging in prostatic carcinoma
T1 => inapparent
T2 => condiend to oragn, visual , palpated
T3a => extracapsular extension withous seminal vescical
T3b=> seminal viscial invasion
T4 => invasion to oragns
LN=> N0/N1
why we can not depend on the PSA level in the diagnosis of Prostatic carcinoma and what are the factors elevate it?
because it is organ-specific, not cancer-specific
factors as
prostatic carcinoma and BPH
prostatitis, infarction of nodular hyperplasia, and instrumentation of prostate
ejaculation
what if the abnormal level of PSA?
2.5 ng/ml
are there any association btw women with endometriosis and ovarian cancer? and why?
yes in some cases
because women with endometriosis have X3 risk developing ovarian (endometriotic or clear cell type) cancer
and they share the same genetic, mutation PTEN and ARIDA1A
why ovarian endometrial carcinoma type II has a poor prognosis?
1- exfoliation to tubes or peritoneal like ovarian space
2- spear out of the uterus at the time of diagnosis
gene expression of medullary carcinoma?
basal-like, 2/3 is hypermethylation of BRCA1
gene expression of mucinous carcinoma is?
ER+
gene expression of tubular carcinoma is?
ER+ diploid
all special types breast carcinoma are ….. differentiated.
well
which of the following types of breast cancer there is an overexpression of E-cadherin?
tubular
in which type of cancer we depend on the metastasis in prognosis and if it is not present we use lymphatic spread as a useful prognostic factor?
breast cancer
MC benign tumor of the female breast?
fibroadenoma
