PATHOLOGY

Question 1

What is pathology?

Answer 1

1) The medical discipline that studies the manifestations of disease
2) Structural and functional manifestations of a disease

3)

Question 2

What is the acronym used to determine Etiology of a disease?

Answer 2

Vindicate
Inflammatory
Neoplastic 
Drug/toxin 
Infectious
Congenital/genetic
Autoimmune 
Truamatic/physical 
Endocrine/metabolic/nutritional

Question 3

List the subcellular changes in reversibly injured cells:

Answer 3

1) Plasma membrane bleb
2) cellular swelling due to influx of water
3) aggregated cytoskeletal elements
4) Dissagregated ribosomes
5) Dilated ER
6) mitochondrial swelling and calcification

Question 4

Define hypertrophy

Answer 4

Increased cell size

CMV, myocyte in hypertension (must get bigger to generate more force)

Question 5

Define hyperplasia

Answer 5

non-neoplastic increased in number of cells

Question 6

Define metaplasia

Answer 6

conversion of one differentiated cell type to another

Question 7

Define hyperplasia

Answer 7

non-neoplastic increased in number of cells

ex. transformation of breast during late pregnancy- to generate more milk for new born

Question 8

Define metaplasia

Answer 8

conversion of one differentiated cell type to another, bu does not mean cancer

Question 9

Define neoplasia

Answer 9

autonomous growth of cells that have escaped normal regulation–

localized (benign)
metastasized (cancer)

ex: uterus
normal: myometrium
=>benign tumor: leiomyoma
=> malignant: leimyosarcome

Question 10

What is hydropic degeneration?

Answer 10

When liver is damaged by toxins, cells will swell due to inability to maintain electrolytic balance

Question 11

Define atrophy

Answer 11

Reduced size of cells or organs

Question 12

List the 7 causes of atrophy to tissues:

Answer 12

1) reduced functional demand (skeletal muscle atrophy causes by denervation)

2) inadequate oxygen supply
(kidney atrophy cause by…)

3) low nutrients
4) interrupted trophic signals
5) persistent cell injury
6) increased pressure (best rest)
7) Chronic disease

Question 13

What physical charcteristics distinguish malignant neoplasms?

Answer 13

less well differentiated cells

increased mytotic rate

pleomorphic (ability to alter shape in response to environment)

hyperchromatic (stains very dark blue)

Question 14

What are the the two major path to cell death?

Define them.

Answer 14

Apoptosis: caused by activation of internal molecular pathways (eg. renewal of epithelial layers)

Necrosis: caused by pathogenic lethal injury that originates outside of cell

Question 15

Is apoptosis physiologic or pathologic?

Answer 15

Both!

physiologic- epithelial sloughing

Pathologic: hepatitis induced hepatocyte loss

Question 16

What is indicative of cell death?

Answer 16

nuclear changes-

1) pycnosis: nucleus becomes smaller, stains deeply basophilic because of CHROMATIN CLUMPING
2) Karyorrhexis: nucleus breaks up into smaller fragments
3) Karyolysis: Nucleus may be forced out of cell or loss of chromatin due to disappearance of nucleus

Question 17

In_________, nuclei disappear and cytoplasm becomes more homogenous (and more acidophilic), resulting in ghost cells with no nucleus.

Answer 17

Coagulative necrosis

Question 18

Liquefactive Necrosis

Answer 18

Inflammatory responses to pathogens also degrades the healthy tissue

Question 19

What is fat necrosis

Answer 19

Affect fat tissue specifically, resulting from damage to pancreas => pancreas leeches lipase enzymes

• Lipases free up fatty acids
• Fatty acids bind to calcium to form calcium soap (soponification)

Question 20

Tissue Response to injury flow chart

Answer 20

Inflammation

• Acute
• Chronic

Repair

• Regenerative
• Fibrosis

Question 21

Define agenesis:

Answer 21

lack of organ

Question 22

Define aplasia:

Answer 22

underdeveloped organ

Question 23

Hypoplasia

Answer 23

reduced cell size cause by incomplete development

Question 24

Atresia

Answer 24

imcomplete formation of lumen