Pathology Flashcards
What kind of pathological process is this? “Large volume of glandular epithelium with marked increase in cell number . Nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio is low”
A hyperplastic process
Where might you see hyperplasia?
Bone marrow (eg in haemolysis), adrenal, thyroid, prostate, stomach etc - hyperplasia is always in response to a stimulus (eg hormonal)
Where might you see hypertrophy?
Skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle
What type of pathological process is dysplasia?
Pre-malignant but currently benign - Abnormal cell growth that has not yet reached the basement membrane
What is metaplasia?
A reversible change from one mature cell type to another mature cell type in response to stimulus
Give some examples of metaplastic change
Barrett’s oesohagus, bladder (transitional to squamous epithelium) in response to infection/inflammation, cervix (in the transformation zone) etc
What is lynch syndrome?
Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) - a type of inherited cancer syndrome. Increased risk of colorectal, endometrial and ovarian cancer
What is microsatellite instability
Genetic predisposition to mutation associated with many types of cancer (mainly colon)
What is neoplasia?
New, uncontrolled growth of cells that is not under physiologic control (can be benign or malignant)
What is CGIN?
Glandular Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia - a high grade glandular abnormality in the cervix that can progress to cancer (adenocarcinoma)
What is CIN?
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia - potentially precancerous transformation of cells of the cervix (can progress to squamous carcinoma)
What is more likely in younger women, epithelial or germ cell ovarian tumours?
Germ cell (teratoma eg dermoid cyst)
What is most common cell that appears as a reaction of a foreign body
Macrophage (histiocyte)
What cell causes granulomas?
Macrophages
What mole has a higher risk of causing choriocarcinoma
Complete
Carcinomas come from what tissue?
Epithelial
Are enlarged lymph nodes in infection usually painful or painless?
Usually painful
Are enlarged lymph nodes in malignancy usually painful or painless?
Usually painless
What virus can cause malignancy in the throat and lymphadenopathy in the neck in young people
HPV
Name some cancers that can appear anywhere in the body
Melanoma, prostate cancer and small cell lung cancer
What type of malignancy causes cells with signet ring morphology and mucin?
Adenocarcinoma
Adenocarcinomas come from what tissue?
Glandular structures of epithelial tissue
What age group gets thyroid cancer?
20-40
What inflammatory cells will appear in a biopsy of thyroiditis?
Lymphocytes
What antibiotic do you give in EBV (to cover in case it’s tonsillitis)?
Pen V
