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*med3* > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

Cellular Adaptations Cell Injury Free Radicals Apoptosis Necrosis Inflammation Principles Acute and Chronic Inflammation Granulomatous Inflammation Wound Healing and Scar Pathologic Calcification Neoplasia

1
Q

What are the 4 causes of cell injury?

A
  1. Ability to adapt is not enough
  2. Exposure to harmful substances
  3. Malnourishment
  4. Mutation within metabolism
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2
Q

What are the 2 ways cells die?

A

Necrosis = inflammatory

Apoptosis = non-inflammatory

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3
Q

Ways that a cell can undergo stress

A

Pathologic: ischemia

Physiologic: Pregnancy

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4
Q

What is cellular adaptation?

A

Reversible change in response to stress

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5
Q

What happens to the cell if the stressor exceeds it’s ability to adapt?

A

Cell injury - can be reversible until a given point

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6
Q

What happens when the cell can not adapt to the stressor either reversible or irreversibly?

A

Cell death

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7
Q

What are the 4 main types of cellular adaptations?

A
  1. Hypertrophy
  2. Hyperplasia
  3. Atrophy
  4. Metaplasia
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8
Q

How do cells respond to stress?

A

Normal —> adaptation —> injury—> death

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9
Q

Hypertrophy is an increase in _________.

A

Cell size

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10
Q

Hyperplasia is an increase in _______.

A

Cell number

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11
Q

Atrophy is a decrease in _________.

A

Cell size

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12
Q

Metaplasia is a change in ___________.

A

Phenotype

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13
Q

Muscle tissues can only undergo _____________.

A

Hypertrophy with more workload

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14
Q

What is the main cause for hyperplasia?

A

Excess hormone stimulation

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15
Q

Breast growth, liver regeneration and bone marrow are all examples of what pathologic mechanism?

A

Hyperplasia

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16
Q

Growth due to estrogen

A

Endometrial hyperplasia

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17
Q

Xs response to androgens

A

Prostatic hyperplasia

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18
Q

2 kinds of HPV

A

Epidermal hyperplasia = skin warts

Mucosal hyperplasia = genital warts

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19
Q

When is an organ in homeostasis?

A

When physiologic stress is placed on it

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20
Q

When do growth adaptations happen?

A

When the physiologic stress on the organ either increases, decreases, or changes

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21
Q

What 2 adaptations result in the organ to become larger?

A

Hyperplasia and hypertrophy

22
Q

What is the mechanism of hypertrophy?

A

Involves gene activation, protein synthesis and production of organelles

23
Q

What is the mechanism of hyperplasia?

A

Involves production of new cells from stem cells

24
Q

What type of tissue can undergo hypertrophy only?

A

Permanent tissues cannot make new cells

25
Q

What are the 3 types of permanent tissues?

A

Cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, and nerve

26
Q

What are the dangers of pathologic hyperplasia?

A

It can progress to dysplasia and cancer - endometrial hyperplasia

EXCEPTION: BPH

27
Q

What happens when there is a decrease in stress on an organ?

A

Atrophy

28
Q

What is the mechanism of atrophy?

A

Decrease in size and number

29
Q

What is the mechanism seen in atrophy to decrease cell #?

A

Apoptosis

30
Q

How does a decrease in cell size occur during atrophy?

A
  1. Ubiquitin-proteosome degradation of the cytoskeleton
  2. Autophagy of cellular components
31
Q

What types of tissues cannot undergo hyperplasia?

A

Cardiac, skeletal, nerve

32
Q

What causes the proliferation and degradation of the endometrium?

A

Proliferation - estrogen Degradation - progesterone

33
Q

How does the cell type change?

A

Metaplasia of surface epithelium

34
Q

What is the mechanism of Barrett esophagus?

A

Esophagus is lined by squamous epithelium and stomach is lined by columnar epithelium. Acid refluxes from stomach into lower esophagus causes a change in stress and epithelium from squamous epithelium to columnar non-ciliated mucinous epithelium

35
Q

What is the mechanism of metaplasia?

A

Reprogramming of stem cells

36
Q

Is metaplasia reversible?

A

Yes if the stressor is removed(I.e) treatment of GERD

37
Q

Metaplasia ______ progress to dysplasia and cancer

A

Can (I.e. Barrett esophagus)

38
Q

What type of metaplasia does NOT increase the risk for cancer?

A

Apocrine metaplasia

39
Q

A deficiency in what fat-sol. Vitamin can cause metaplasia?

A

Vitamin A

40
Q

Barrett esophagus increases the risk for what type of cancer?

A

Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus

41
Q

What type of metaplasia can be seen in fibrocystic change of the breast?

A

Apocrine metaplasia

42
Q

What is keratomalacia?

A

Vitamin A deficiency causing the conjunctiva of the eye to undergo metaplasia and cause a thickening

43
Q

Can mesenchymal tissues undergo metaplasia?

A

Yes (I.e.) myositis ossificans

44
Q

What happens in myositis ossificans?

A

Inflammation of skeletal muscle causes a metaplastic production of bone inside the skeletal muscle

45
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Disordered cell growth; proliferation of precancerous cells

46
Q

How does dysplasia occur?

A

Longstanding pathologic hyperplasia or metaplasia

47
Q

What is the moa of endometrial hyperplasia?

A

Longstanding pathologic hyperplasia

48
Q

Is dysplasia reversible?

A

Yes if the stressor is removed

49
Q

What happens if stress persists in dysplasia?

A

Progress to carcinoma which is irreversible

50
Q

What is Aplasia?

A

Failure of cell production during embryogenesis (I.e. unilateral renal agenesis)

51
Q

What is hypoplasia?

A

Decrease in cell production during embryogenesis—> small organ (I.e.) streak ovary in Turner syndrome

52
Q

Pathologic hyperplasia

A

Endometrial

*med3* (21 decks)

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