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Heme and lymph Kaplan > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Hodgkin’s lymphoma is associated with which virus

A

EBV

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2
Q

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma is associated with which virus

A

HIV

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3
Q

CD positivity of Reed-Sternberg cells

A

CD30/CD15

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4
Q

Name all the 4 subtypes of Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A
  • Lymphocyte predominance
  • Nodular sclerosis
  • Mixed cellularity
  • Lymphocyte depletion
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5
Q

Most common subtype of Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

Nodular sclerosis

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6
Q

Hodgkin’s lymphoma subtype with the worst prognosis

A

Lymphocyte depletion

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7
Q

Genetic alteration that leads to development of mantle cell lymphoma

A

t(11;14) translocation links immunoglobulin heavy chain to cyclin D1, promoting G1/S transition in the cell cycle

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8
Q

Genetic alteration that leads to development of follicular lymphoma

A

t(14;18) translocation brings bcl-2 close to immunoglobulin heavy chain

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9
Q

Non-Hodking’s lymphoma that is endemic in Japan

A

Adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma

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10
Q

Adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma is associated with infection with which virus

A

HTLV-1

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11
Q

Histopathologic findings in mycosis fungoides

A

Epidermal and dermal infiltrates by neoplastic T (CD4+) cells with cerebriform nuclei

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12
Q

What are Russell bodies

A

Acidophilic aggregates of immunoglobulin that are seen in BM biopsy in multiple myeloma

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13
Q

RBC adopt which conformation in multiple myeloma

A

Rouleaux formation

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14
Q

Musculoskeletal characteristic of multiple myeloma

A

“punched-out” osteolytic lesions seen in x-ray

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15
Q

Elevated immunoglobulin in Wäldenstrom macroglobulinemia

A

IgM

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16
Q

Most likely leukemia to involve CNS

A

Acute lymphocytic leukemia

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17
Q

Predominant cell type in ALL

A

Pre-B cell

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18
Q

Diagnostic surface marker in ALL

A

CD10 (CALLA)

*Good prognosis

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19
Q

Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TDT) positivity is seen in which type of leukemia

A

Acute lymphocytic leukemia

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20
Q

Peripheral smear finding in chronic lymphocytic leukemia

A

Smudge cells

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21
Q

Predominant cell type in CLL

A

CD5 B cell

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22
Q

Mature B cell tumor that expresses tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase

A

Hairy-cell leukemia

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23
Q

Treatment for hairy-cell leukemia

A

2-chloro-deoxyadneosine (2CdA), an apoptosis inducer

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24
Q

Translocation seen in acute promyelocytic leukemia

A

t(1;12)

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25
Q

What are Auer rods

A

Myeloperoxidase + cytoplasmic inclusions within granulocytes seen in acute myelogenous leukemia, most commonly in M3 subtype (promyelocytic)

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26
Q

Surface markers of Langerhans cells that are positive in Langerhans cell histiocytosis

A

S-100 and CD1a

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27
Q

What are Birbeck granules

A

Tennis racquet-shaped cytoplasmic organelles seen in Langerhans cell histiocytosis

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28
Q

Teardrop cells can be found in which pathology

A

Myelofibrosis

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29
Q

Abnormal protein in myeloproliferative disorders (except CML)

A

JAK2

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30
Q

Defect seen in hemoglobin C

A

Lysine replaces glutamic acid at position 6

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31
Q

Defect seen in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobniuria

A

Mutated GPI cannot bind DAF (CD55), thereby there is no inhibition of the complement cascade, causing hemolysis

32
Q

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia due to warm agglutinins is seen in which pathologies

A
  • SLE
  • CLL
  • Drugs (alpha methyldopa)
33
Q

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia due to cold agglutinins is seen in which pathologies

A
  • CLL
  • Mycoplasma pneumoniae
  • Infectious mononucleosis
34
Q

Process of direct Coombs

A

Anti-IgG antibody is added to the patient’s blood

35
Q

Process of indirect Coombs

A

Normal RBCs are added to the patient’s serum

36
Q

Defect seen in Bernar-Soulier disease

A

Decreased Gp1b

37
Q

Defect seen in Glanzmann thrombastenia

A

Decreased Gp2b/3a

38
Q

What antibodies are seen in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)

A

Antibodies against Gp2b/3a

39
Q

Signs and symptoms of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)

A

Pentad:

  • Thrombocytopenic purpura
  • Fever
  • Renal failure
  • Neurologic changes
  • Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia
40
Q

Laboratory findings in von Willebrand Factor deficiency

A

Increased bleeding time and increased PTT (because vWF stabilized factor 8)

41
Q

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is associated with which HLAs

A

HLA-DR3/4

42
Q

Autoantibodies associated with CREST syndrome

A

Anticentromere antibodies

43
Q

Signs and symptoms of CREST syndrome

A
  • Calcinosis
  • Raynaud’s
  • Esophageal dysmotility
  • Sclerodactily
  • Telangiectasia
44
Q

Autoantibodies associated with scleroderma

A

Anti-ScL-70 (anti-DNA topoisomerase 1)

45
Q

Autoantibodies associated with dermatomyositis and polymyositis

A

Anti-Jo-1

46
Q

Autoantibodies associated with mixed connective tissue disease (RA + SLE)

A

Anti-U1 RNP (ribonucleoprotein)

47
Q

Autoantibodies associated with autoimmune hepatitis

A

Anti-smooth muscle

48
Q

Pathophysyology of hyper IgM syndrome

A

Inability to switch due to defective CD40L on helper T cells

49
Q

Signs and symptoms of hyper IgM syndrome

A
  • Recurrent pyogenic bacterial infections
  • Lymphoid hyperplasia
  • Sinopulmonary infections
50
Q

Antibodies to which molecule are already present in graft hyperacute rejection

A

Anti-ABO

51
Q

Pathophysiologic mechanism that causes damage in graft hyperacute rejection

A

Complement activation

52
Q

Histopathologic findings in chronic graft rejection

A
  • Chronic delayed type hypersensitivity reaction in vessel wall
  • Intimal smooth muscle proliferation
  • Vessel occlusion
53
Q

Histopathologic finding in chronic kidney rejection

A

Obliterative vascular fibrosis (antibody mediated)

54
Q

Complement molecule that is decreased in C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency

A

C4

55
Q

Pathophysiology of febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reaction

A

Host antibodies against donor HLA antigens and WBCs ocurring within 1 to 6 hours

56
Q

Pathophysiology of acute hemolytic transfusion reaction

A
  • Intravscular: ABO incompatibility

* Extravscular: foreign antigen on donor RBCs

57
Q

Pathophysiology of transfusion-related acute lung injury

A

Donor antileukocyte antibodies against recipient neutrophils and pulmonary endothelial cells

58
Q

Molecular deficiency that leads to Job syndrome

A

STAT3 deficiency, leads to deficiency of Th17

59
Q

Most common abnormality in severe combined immunodeficiency

A

Defective IL-2R

60
Q

Signs and symptoms of ataxia-telangiectasia

A
  • Cerebellar defects (ataxia)
  • Spider angiomas
  • IgA deficiency
61
Q

IgG subtypes that are decreased in ataxia-telangiectasia

A

IgG2/4

62
Q

Content of platelet dense granules

A
  • ADP

* Calcium

63
Q

Contente of platelet alpha granules

A
  • vWF
  • Fibrinogen
  • Fibronectin
64
Q

Developmental age when fetal hemoglobin replaces all embryonic hemoglobin

A

14 weeks

65
Q

Formula for corrected reticulocyte count

A

% reticulocytes x (patient hct/normal hct)

*Normal respone is more than 2%

66
Q

Macrocytic non-megaloblastic anemia that appears during the first year of life due to an intrinsic defect in erythroid progenitor cells

A

Diamond-Blackfan anemia

67
Q

Diagnostic laboratory finding in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

A

CD55/59 - RBCs on flow cytometry

68
Q

Triad of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

A
  • Coombs - hemolytic anemia
  • Pancytopenia
  • Venous thrombosis
69
Q

Mechanism of cellular damage in iron poisoning

A

Peroxidation of membrane lipids

70
Q

Pathology that can develop a Richter transformation

A

CLL, can transform into diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL)

71
Q

Microorganisms that can undergo antigenic variation

A
  • Salmonella
  • Borrelia
  • N. gonorrhoeae
  • Influenza, HIV, HCV
  • Trypanosomes
72
Q

Normal process of lymphocytes that is out of control in Reed-Sternberg cells

A

Somatic hypermutation

73
Q

Translocation that yields a better prognosis for patients with ALL

A

t(12;21) - CALLA (CD10)

74
Q

What is the function of the product of c-Myc

A

A protein that functions as a transcription activator controlling cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis

75
Q

Most common type of brain tumor in children

A

Pilocytic astrocytoma

76
Q

Biopsy findings of a pilocytic astrocytoma

A
  • Pilocytic astrocytes with bundles of GFAP-positive hairlike processes
  • Rosenthal fibers
77
Q

Cytogenetic abnormality associated with acute promyelocytic leukemia

A

t(15;17)

Heme and lymph Kaplan (3 decks)

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