Pathology Flashcards
Glomerulonephritis is non-infective. True/False? What is glomerulonephritis?
True
Glomelular tufts with secondary tubulointerstitial changes - diffuse/ focal
What is the usual mechanism of disease that causes glomerulonephritis??
Autoimmunity - autoantibody formation or deposition of immune complexes
Can follow URTI but not common
What is pyelonephritis?
Bacterial infection of the renal pelvis/calyces, extending into tubules and interstitium
Acute pyelonephritis is more common than chronic. True/False?
False
Usually chronic presentations
What is the commonest organism cause of pyelonephritis?
E. coli
Can also get Pseudomonas, Strep. faecalis
Is pyelonephritis commoner in males or females?
Females since urethra is shorter and wider
How is pregnancy a risk factor for pyelonephritis?
Ureteric dilation occurs with stasis due to hormonal and anatomical effects
Vesico-ureteric reflux can cause pyelonephritis. What is this?
Congenital/acquired defect where ureter entrance into bladder isn’t closed off, so when bladder contracts there is reflux
What is cystitis and which organisms usually cause it?
Inflammation of the bladder
E. coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, Pseudomonas
Which tropical infection can predispose to urethelial malignancy?
Schistosomiasis (particularly squamous cell carcinoma)
Urethral obstruction is more common in males. True/False?
True
What effect does prolonged bladder outlet obstruction have on detrusor muscle?
Hypertrophy and diverticulum formation
What is hydronephrosis?
Dilation of pelvicalyceal system with parenchymal atrophy
What is the main cause of hydronephrosis?
Urinary tract obstruction
Reflux
List risk factors for pyelonephritis
Female UTI Pregnancy Instrumentation UT obstruction Vesico-ureteric reflux Diabetes
What is tuberculosis pyelonephritis? State the characteristic distinguishing feature
Haematogenous spread of infection from lung to urinary tract Sterile pyuria (no positive culture)
What is Potter’s syndrome?
Pressure of reduced amniotic fluid causes a distinct facial appearance leading to abnormal kidneys in baby
Outline the pathological appearance of the kidneys in polycystic kidney disease
Uniform bilateral renal enlargement
Multiple cysts
Dilatation of medullary collecting ducts
Congenital hepatic fibrosis
Outline the pathological appearance of renal fibroma
White nodules in medulla
Outline the pathological appearance of renal adenoma
Yellow nodules in cortex
Outline the pathological appearance of renal angiomyolipoma
Fat, muscle, blood vessels
Outline the pathological appearance of renal oncoytoma
Mahogany, central scar
What is the common sites of metastates of renal cell carcinoma?
Blood borne (lung, bone) Later lymphatic spread
What is the common sites of metastates of bladder carcinoma?
Local lymph nodes (obturator)
Lungs
Liver
What is the common sites of metastates of prostate carcinoma?
LYMPHATIC: Sacral, iliac paraortic nodes
BLOOD: Lumbosacral nodes, lung, liver
Outline the pathological appearance of seminoma
Solid homogenous pale ‘potato’ tumour
What is the best management for seminoma?
Radiotherapy
What is the best management for teratoma?
Chemotherapy
What is the common sites of metastates of seminoma?
LYMPHATIC: paraortic nodes
BLOOD: lungs, liver
