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Cardiology Kaplan > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot’s most important characteristic to determine prognosis

A

Pulmonary infundibular stenosis

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2
Q

Most common congenital left-to-right shunt

A

Ventricular septal defect (VSD), membranous type

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3
Q

Most common type of atrial septal defects

A

Ostium secundum defects

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4
Q

Most common location for coarctation of the aorta

A

Postductal coarctation (adult type)

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5
Q

Definition of hypertensive urgency

A

Severe (more than 180/ more than 120) hypertension without acute end-organ damage

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6
Q

Definition of hypertensive emergency

A

Severe hypertension with evidence of acute end-organ damage

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7
Q

Type of arteriolosclerosis with proliferation of smooth muscle cells and “onion skinning” appearance

A

Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis

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8
Q

Pathogenesis of Mönckeberg sclerosis (medial calcific sclerosis)

A

Calcification of internal elastic lamina and media of arteries that affects medium-sized arteries

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9
Q

Classic description of Mönckeberg sclerosis (medial calcific sclerosis) on x-ray

A

“Pipestem” appearance

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10
Q

Most common sites of atherosclerosis to develop

A
  1. Abdominal aorta
  2. Coronary artery
  3. Popliteal artery
  4. Carotid artery
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11
Q

Type of aortic aneurysm associated with tertiary syphilis (endarteritis obliterans)

A

Thoracic

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12
Q

Most common site for traumatic aortic rupture

A

Aortic isthmus (proximal descending aorta just distal to the origin of left subclavian artery)

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13
Q

Type of angina for which smoking is a risk factor, but hypertension and hypercholesterolemia are not

A

Prinzmetal angina

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14
Q

ECG manifestations of Prinzmetal angina

A

Transient ST elevation

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15
Q

Prinzmetal angina treatment

A
  • Calcium channel blockers
  • Nitrates
  • Smoking cessation
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16
Q

Most important risk factor for stable angina

A

Age (45 yo in men, 55 yo in women)

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17
Q

ECG and laboratory characteristics of unstable angina

A

+/- ST depression and/or T-wave inversion on ECG but no cardiac biomarker elevation (unlike NSTEMI)

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18
Q

Principle behind pharmacologic stress test with coronary vasodilators

A

Based on the coronary steal syndrome
*Administration of vasodilators dilate snormal vessels and shunts blood toward well-perfused areas, diverting flow away from vessels that are stenosed

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19
Q

Definition of sudden cardiac death

A

Death from cardiac causes within 1 hour of onset of symptoms

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20
Q

Drugs used for symptomatic relief in heart failure

A

Thiazides and loop diuretics

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21
Q

What are Roth spots and in which pathology can they be found

A

They are round white spots on th retina surrounded by hemorrhage, found in bacterial endocarditis

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22
Q

What are Osler nodes and in which pathology can they be found

A

Tender, raised lesions on finger or toe pads due to immune complex deposition, found in bacterial endocarditis

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23
Q

Organisms associated to tricuspid valve endocarditis due to IV drugs

A
  • S. aureus
  • Pseudomonas
  • Candida
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24
Q

Early and late cardiac lesions seen in rheumatic fever

A
  • Early: mitral valve regurgitation

* Late: mitral valve stenosis

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25
Q

What are Aschoff bodies and in which pathology can they be found

A

They are granulomas with giant cells, found in rheumatic fever

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26
Q

What are Anitschkow cells and in which pathology can they be found

A

They are enlarged macrophages with ovoid, wavy, rod-like nucleus, found in rheumatic fever

27
Q

Rheumatic fever is an example of which type of hypersensitivity

A

Type 2 hypersensitivity

*Antibodies to M protein corss-react with self antigens (molecular mimicry)

28
Q

ECG changes seen in acute pericarditis

A

Widespread ST-segment elevation and/or PR depression

29
Q

Components of Beck’s triad

A
  1. Hypotension
  2. Distended neck veins
  3. Distant heart sounds
30
Q

Characteristic type of pulse seen in cardiac tamponade

A

Pulsus paradoxus

31
Q

Definition of pulsus paradoxus

A

Decrease in amplitude of SBP by more than 10 mmHg during inspiration

32
Q

Definition of the Kussmaul sign

A

Increase in JVP on inspiration instad of a normal decrease

33
Q

Disease associated to giant cell arteritis

A

Polymyalgia rheumatica

34
Q

Most common affected arteries in giant cell arteritis

A

Branches of the carotid artery (usually superficial temporal and ophthalmic)

35
Q

Histopathologic characterstic of giant cell arteritis

A

Focal granulomatous inflammation

36
Q

Treatment that should be given to a patient with giant cell arteritis before a temporal artery biopsy to prevent blindness

A

High-dose corticosteroids

37
Q

Histopathologic characteristic of Takayasu arteritis

A

Granulomatous thickening and narrowing of the aortic arch and proximal great vessels

38
Q

Hepatitis B seropositivity is seen in which vasculitis

A

Polyarteritis nodosa

39
Q

Vessels affected in polyarteritis nodosa

A

Renal and visceral vessels

40
Q

Histopathologic characteristic of polyarteritis nodosa

A

Transmural inflammation of the arterial wall with fibrinous necrosis

41
Q

Vasculitis that shows coexistance of different stages of inflammation in different vessels

A

Polyarteritis nodosa

42
Q

Signs and symptoms of Kawasaki disease

A

“CRASH and burn”

  • Conjunctival injection
  • Rash
  • Adenopathy
  • Strawberry tongue
  • Hand-foot changes
  • Fever
43
Q

Aneurysms of which arteries are seen in Kawasaki disease

A

Coronary artery aneurysms

44
Q

Most common etiology of sudden cardiac death

A

Acute ischemia

45
Q

Congenital cardiac defect associated with fetal alcohol syndrome

A

Ventricular septal defect

46
Q

Most common type of atrial septal defect

A

Ostium secundum defects

47
Q

Ostium primum type of atrial septal defects is associated with what pathology

A

Down syndrome

48
Q

Type of coarctation of the aorta that is associated with PDA

A

Infantile type

49
Q

Laboratory finding that needs to be present in addition to major or minor criteria for the diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever

A
  • Elevated ASO

* Anti-DNase B titers

50
Q

Most common cause of death during the acute phase of rheumatic fever

A

Myocarditis

51
Q

What are thrombotic vegetations made of

A

Platelets and fibrin

52
Q

Histologic findings in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

Myofiber hypertrophy with disarray

53
Q

Radiographic finding in aortic dissection

A

Wide mediastinum

54
Q

Main energy source of the heart

A

Fatty acid oxidation (more than 60%)

55
Q

Most common type of cancer that leads to developing of marantic/thrombotic endocarditis

A

Pancreatic cancer

56
Q

Essential hypertension and malignant hypertension are associated with which types of arteriosclerosis

A

Hyaline and hyperplastic, respectively

57
Q

First histologic change following a MI

A

Contraction bands

58
Q

HLA that is associated with rheumatic fever

A

HLA-DR7

59
Q

Myocyte enlarging after an MI is cuased by accumulation of what electrolyte

A

Calcium

60
Q

What does “tree barking” refer to in patients with syphilitic aortitis

A

Intimal wrinkling

61
Q

Spared arteries in polyarteritis nodosa (PAN)

A

Pulmonary arteries

62
Q

Growth factor that triggers smooth muscle cell (SMC) migration from the media and proliferation of the intimia in an atheroma

A

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)

63
Q

Type of cell that promotes atherosclerotic plaque stability by synthesizing collagen

A

Smooth muscle cells (SMC)

64
Q

Congenital long QT syndrome that also presents with sensorineural deafness

A

Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome

Cardiology Kaplan (3 decks)

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