Pathology Flashcards
apprendre les millions d'affaires de la section pathologie de marde
what are cancer stem cells ?
a parody of a normal stem cell : must be eliminated to cure a cancer, but are resistant to therapy because of low rate of replication and express factor of drug resistance
what are the systemic effects of inflammation ?
- fever
- production of acute-phase proteins
- leukocytosis (production of leukocytes)
- maybe fall in blood pressure (because chemokines induce vasodilatations)
What do cyclins oncogens act ?
they mediate entry into the cell cycle G1-S = super cell proliferation
list and briefly describe the sequence of development of a squamous carcinoma (in the cervix)
- normal mucosa
- dysplasia
- carcinoma-in-situ (all look neoplastic, but no highway for metastase)
- invasive squamous cell carcinoma (neoplastic cells can get to the lymphatic vessels)
compare benign and malignant neoplasm in terms of behavior
B - no matastases (no invasion, slow growth, few systemic effect)
M - potential for metastases (invasion, rapid growth, augmentation of systemic effects)
how does a pathologist do a urgent diagnosis ?
freeze the tissue on a cryostat at -20oC, do a frozen section and stain with H&E
Name the broad overall caracteristics of a disease
- predisposition factors/ history of the disease
- etiology
- pathogenesis
- pathological alterations
- pathophysiology
- clinical manifestations/imaging and laboratory
- diagnosis
- complications
- prognosis and predictives factors
- therapy
what do you call a malignant neoplasm of the breast
phyllodes tumor
What are the 3 most common cancer in men (incidence) ?
- prostate
- lungs & bronchus
- colon and rectum
what do we mean by monoclonal in term of malignant neoplasm transformation ?
neoplastic cells arise from a single transformed cell
general chemicals reactions and specificities of periodic acid Schiff (PAS)
- stains complex carbohydrates
- can digest glycogen if add diastase
what are the Ziehl-Neelsen and Grocott stains useful for ?
microorganisms stains
- ziehl-neelsen = acid-fast bacilli (TB)
- grocott = fungal (aspergillus)
describe the mechanism for invasion and metastases if malignant carcinoma
- carcinoma-in-situ cells
- loosen intercellular junctions between neoplasm cells
- the malignant cell attach and degrade BM
- migrate thru the BM to stroma via cytokines
- go either from lymphatic vessels to lymph nodes, to blood vessels or transcoelomic
List one parasite, one bacterium and 5 viruses that are carcinogenesis by biological agents
- Parasites = clonorchis sinensis
- bacteria = H. pylori
- Virus = RNA, DNA (sarcomas)
Define papilla
(usually microscopic term) = finger-like projection consisting of surface epithelium over core of connective tissue ≈ villus
etiology
CAUSE of the disease
difference between chronic and acute inflammation ?
the predominant neutrophilic infiltration is replaced by infiltration with mononuclear cells (lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages)
the definition of pathology : the study of diseases, all the way from molecules to the patient and divided into ?
- general pathology (cell injury, inflammation, immunopathology, neoplasia)
- systemic or “systematic” (organ-based) pathology (heart, lungs, …)
what do you call a malignant neoplasm of the adipocytes ?
liposarcoma
general chemicals reactions and specificities hematoxylin
- dark blue
- is a base
- binds to basophilic substances (acides) like DNA in nuclei
What are the 3 most deadly cancer in women (mortality) ?
- lungs and bronchus
- breast
- colon and rectum
general chemicals reactions and specificities Prussian blue stain for iron
- stains ferric deposits (in liver if a lot of blue, blue is bad)
atrophy (what + mechanism)
- decrease in cell SIZE
- mechanism : lysosomal enzyme pathway, ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, autophagic vacuoles
what do you call a malignant neoplasm of the fibroblast (mesenchymal)
fibrosarcoma