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Pulmonology > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

URI

Viruses + S/s

A

Flu, echo, rhino, coxackievirus

S/s : mucosal inflammation, edema, congestion

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2
Q

URI

Bacterial S/s

A

Viral s/s + PUS , ULCERATIONS

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3
Q

Middle RI

How? Who?

A

URI extension = young children

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4
Q

Middle RI

S/s

A

Laryngitis, epiglottitis

Mucosal swelling w/ laryngospasm

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5
Q

Epiglottitis cause

A

H. Influenza B
Strep Group A
Strep Pneumo

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6
Q

Histology

Alveolus , Bronchiole, Bronchi

A

Alveolus = 1 cell thick

Bronchiole = cilia
Bronchi = cilia, mucus
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7
Q

Pleural effusion

effect on lung

A

collapses lung (atelectasis)

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8
Q

Pleural effusion

Transudate seen in…

A
  • CHF
  • Nephrotic Syndrome
  • Cirrhosis
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9
Q

Pleural effusion

Exudate seen in…

A
  • Inflammatory
  • Infectious
  • Reactive (embolus, diaphragm)
  • Malignant
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10
Q

Pneumothorax

Parietial pleura …

A
  • Trauma

* Needle/catheter insertion

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11
Q

Pneumothorax

Visceral pleura…

A
  • subpleural rupture

* subpleural lung necrosis

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12
Q

Pleuritis

A

Fluid effusion

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13
Q

Empyema

A

Pus effusion

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14
Q

Fibrothorax

A

Connective tissue

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15
Q

Obstructive lung disease

examples

A 
Chronic bronchitis
Emphysema
Asthma
Bronchiectasis
Small Airway dz
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16
Q

Obstructive dz

s/s

A
  • airflow limitation
  • progressive
  • not reversible
  • possible inflammation
  • Neutrophils, CD8 T cells, macrophages
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17
Q

Restrictive Dz

ex

A
  • interstitial inflammation
  • Interstitial fibrosis
  • fibrosing alveolitis
  • Pneumoconioses
  • collagen/vascular dz
  • Drug/radiation
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18
Q

Emphysema

Interstitial fibrosis?

A

NO

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19
Q

Bullous Emphysema

s/s

A
  • Subpleural emphysema
  • bullous change
  • pneumothorax (no elasticity, so will break)
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20
Q

Emphysema

S/S

A
  • Dyspnea
  • late cough
  • Minimumal sputum (NO inflammation)
  • NO infection
  • loss of elastic recoil + hyperinflation
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21
Q

Emphysema

Complications

A
  • Resp insufficiency
  • Resp acidosis
  • Pulm HTN, RVH
  • Pneumothorax/collapse
22
Q

Emphysema

Mech

A
  • protease-antiprotease mech
  • inflammatory-mediated elastase activity + suppressed anti-elastase = from noxious stimuli on Neutrophils/macro
  • alpha-1 AT deficiency
23
Q

Chronic Bronchitis

path

A

proximal airway w/o parenchymal injury

*mucus/squamous metaplasia = obstruction

24
Q

Emphysema vs Bronchitis

A

EMPHYSEMA

  • Dyspnea>cough
  • few infection
  • low elastic recoil

BRONCHITIS

  • Cough>Dyspnea
  • Infection
  • Cor Pulmonale
  • Normal elastic recoil
25
Q

BODE index

A
  • Body Mass index
  • Obstruction of airflow (FEV1)
  • Dyspnea
  • Exercise-capacity = 6 minute walk test
26
Q

Immune Types 1-4!!!

A
  • Type I = IgE (asthma)
  • Type II = Cytotoxic, IgG
  • Type III = Immune complex
  • Type IV = Cell-mediated
27
Q

Status asthmaticus

A
  • marked mucus plugging
  • air trapping
  • dyspnea + death
28
Q

Asthma

path

A

Sensitization =

  • Type I IgE-mediated
  • CD4 T cells = release IL-4/5 cytokines—> IgE—> mast cell + eosinophil recruitment

UP histamine, prostaglandins, leukotrienes

29
Q

Bronchiectasis

s/s

A

abnormal dilation from obstrucion

  • infxn, cough, purulent sputum
  • inflammed mucosa
  • abscess
  • mucus plugs
30
Q

Bronchiectasis

from

A
  • CF,
  • obstruction
  • immunodeficiency
  • necrotizing bronchopneumonias
31
Q

Interstitial lung Dz

path

A

RESTRICTIVE

  • parenchyma
  • inflammation/fibrosis (collagen) in interstitium
  • Alveoilitis, intra-avleolar macrophages, interstitial inflammation, interstitial fibrosis
  • Pneumocyte type I loss, type II proliferation
32
Q

Interstitial lung Dz

Clinical/Xray

A
  • progressive dyspnea
  • low O2
  • CXR = interstitial thickening
  • restrictive
33
Q
  • AIP, UIP, NSIP, RBILD/DIP
  • Pneumoconiosis
  • Collagen-vascular + rheumatologic dz
  • sarcoidosis + systemic
  • hypersenstivity pneumonitis
  • Drug/radiation therapy
A

RESTRICTIVE DZ

34
Q

Interstitial lung Dz

Honeycomb lung

A
  • End stage scarred, retracted, shrunken
  • dilation + scarring
  • pleura bumpy from interstitial retraction
35
Q

Respiratory Bronchiolitis
Interstitial Lung Disease RBILD/DIP

From

A
  • Smoking
  • Inflammation in terminal bronchioles + alveolar ducts
  • desquamation of alveolar pneumocytes + macrophages
36
Q

Sarcoidosis

A

Inflammatory systemic dz

*Foci = non-caseating granulomas
*Lymphatic distribution (peribronchial,
interstitial, and subpleural)
* Coalescent interstitial granuloma with
extention to pleura and interstitial fibrosis

37
Q

Pneumoconiosis

path

A
  • nodules w/ pigmented macrophage in collogen next to respiratory bronchioles
  • progressive fibrosis
38
Q

Asbestos-related Dz

A
  • asbestos pleural effusion
  • Pleural plaques (hyalinized) /fibrosis
  • Asbestosis
  • lung cancer
  • Mesothelioma
39
Q

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis

Path

A
  • Type 3 + 4 reaction
  • immunologic (mold, animal protein, etc.)
  • Bronchioloitis w/ interstitial lymph infiltration –> interstitial granuloma
  • farmer’s lung, etc.
40
Q

Pumonary edema

Transudate vs. exudate

A

Transudate - CHF, LV dysfunction

Exudate - alveolar capillary injury

41
Q

ARDS

path

A

SUDDEN ONSET
Alveolar capillary membrane damage (DAD -diffuse alveolar damage)

Protein exudate/inflammatory into alveolus (NON CARDIOGENIC)

SHUNTING

42
Q

ARDS

CXR

A

bilateral interstitial edema

43
Q

Bronchopneumonia

A

Bronchial + parenchyma

44
Q

Lobar pneumonia

A

just PARENCHYMA

45
Q

Pneumonia complication

A
  • pleural fibrosis
  • Empyema
  • Abscess
  • Bronchiectasis
  • Interstitial fibrosis
  • cysts
46
Q

TB

Primary localized

A

Granuloma (Ghon lesion) drains to hilar lymph node –> granulomatous caseous necrosis (Ghon complex)

47
Q

TB

Primary disseminated

A

Immunocompromised

TB w/ caviation + miliary lung pattern

48
Q

Lung cancer (local)

Presentation

A 
Cough
Hemoptysis
Chest pain
Wheeze
Dysnpea
49
Q

Lung cancer (systemic)

Presentation

A 
Effusion
Pancoast
SVC
Paraneoplastic
Metastases
50
Q

Lung cancer recurs as

A

distant

51
Q

Pleural Malignancies

A
  • Primary lung adenocarcinoma
  • Metastatic carcinoma (breast, GI)
  • malignant mesothelioma
52
Q

Diffuse Mesothoma

A

*Histochemistry
Mucin negative

*Immunohistochemistry
Keratin +, CEA -,
Calretinin +

*Electron microscopy
Long thin microvilli

Pulmonology (12 decks)

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