Pathology Flashcards
1
Q
URI
Viruses + S/s
A
Flu, echo, rhino, coxackievirus
S/s : mucosal inflammation, edema, congestion
2
Q
URI
Bacterial S/s
A
Viral s/s + PUS , ULCERATIONS
3
Q
Middle RI
How? Who?
A
URI extension = young children
4
Q
Middle RI
S/s
A
Laryngitis, epiglottitis
Mucosal swelling w/ laryngospasm
5
Q
Epiglottitis cause
A
H. Influenza B
Strep Group A
Strep Pneumo
6
Q
Histology
Alveolus , Bronchiole, Bronchi
A
Alveolus = 1 cell thick
Bronchiole = cilia Bronchi = cilia, mucus
7
Q
Pleural effusion
effect on lung
A
collapses lung (atelectasis)
8
Q
Pleural effusion
Transudate seen in…
A
- CHF
- Nephrotic Syndrome
- Cirrhosis
9
Q
Pleural effusion
Exudate seen in…
A
- Inflammatory
- Infectious
- Reactive (embolus, diaphragm)
- Malignant
10
Q
Pneumothorax
Parietial pleura …
A
- Trauma
* Needle/catheter insertion
11
Q
Pneumothorax
Visceral pleura…
A
- subpleural rupture
* subpleural lung necrosis
12
Q
Pleuritis
A
Fluid effusion
13
Q
Empyema
A
Pus effusion
14
Q
Fibrothorax
A
Connective tissue
15
Q
Obstructive lung disease
examples
A
Chronic bronchitis Emphysema Asthma Bronchiectasis Small Airway dz
16
Q
Obstructive dz
s/s
A
- airflow limitation
- progressive
- not reversible
- possible inflammation
- Neutrophils, CD8 T cells, macrophages
17
Q
Restrictive Dz
ex
A
- interstitial inflammation
- Interstitial fibrosis
- fibrosing alveolitis
- Pneumoconioses
- collagen/vascular dz
- Drug/radiation
18
Q
Emphysema
Interstitial fibrosis?
A
NO
19
Q
Bullous Emphysema
s/s
A
- Subpleural emphysema
- bullous change
- pneumothorax (no elasticity, so will break)
20
Q
Emphysema
S/S
A
- Dyspnea
- late cough
- Minimumal sputum (NO inflammation)
- NO infection
- loss of elastic recoil + hyperinflation
21
Q
Emphysema
Complications
A
- Resp insufficiency
- Resp acidosis
- Pulm HTN, RVH
- Pneumothorax/collapse
22
Q
Emphysema
Mech
A
- protease-antiprotease mech
- inflammatory-mediated elastase activity + suppressed anti-elastase = from noxious stimuli on Neutrophils/macro
- alpha-1 AT deficiency
23
Q
Chronic Bronchitis
path
A
proximal airway w/o parenchymal injury
*mucus/squamous metaplasia = obstruction
24
Q
Emphysema vs Bronchitis
A
EMPHYSEMA
- Dyspnea>cough
- few infection
- low elastic recoil
BRONCHITIS
- Cough>Dyspnea
- Infection
- Cor Pulmonale
- Normal elastic recoil
25
BODE index
* Body Mass index
* Obstruction of airflow (FEV1)
* Dyspnea
* Exercise-capacity = 6 minute walk test
26
Immune Types 1-4!!!
* Type I = IgE (asthma)
* Type II = Cytotoxic, IgG
* Type III = Immune complex
* Type IV = Cell-mediated
27
Status asthmaticus
* marked mucus plugging
* air trapping
* dyspnea + death
28
Asthma
path
Sensitization =
* Type I IgE-mediated
* CD4 T cells = release IL-4/5 cytokines---> IgE---> mast cell + eosinophil recruitment
UP histamine, prostaglandins, leukotrienes
29
Bronchiectasis
s/s
abnormal dilation from obstrucion
* infxn, cough, purulent sputum
* inflammed mucosa
* abscess
* mucus plugs
30
Bronchiectasis
from
* CF,
* obstruction
* immunodeficiency
* necrotizing bronchopneumonias
31
Interstitial lung Dz
path
RESTRICTIVE
* parenchyma
* inflammation/fibrosis (collagen) in interstitium
* Alveoilitis, intra-avleolar macrophages, interstitial inflammation, interstitial fibrosis
* Pneumocyte type I loss, type II proliferation
32
Interstitial lung Dz
Clinical/Xray
* progressive dyspnea
* low O2
* CXR = interstitial thickening
* restrictive
33
* AIP, UIP, NSIP, RBILD/DIP
* Pneumoconiosis
* Collagen-vascular + rheumatologic dz
* sarcoidosis + systemic
* hypersenstivity pneumonitis
* Drug/radiation therapy
RESTRICTIVE DZ
34
Interstitial lung Dz
Honeycomb lung
* End stage scarred, retracted, shrunken
* dilation + scarring
* pleura bumpy from interstitial retraction
35
Respiratory Bronchiolitis
Interstitial Lung Disease RBILD/DIP
From
* Smoking
* Inflammation in terminal bronchioles + alveolar ducts
* desquamation of alveolar pneumocytes + macrophages
36
Sarcoidosis
Inflammatory systemic dz
*Foci = non-caseating granulomas
*Lymphatic distribution (peribronchial,
interstitial, and subpleural)
* Coalescent interstitial granuloma with
extention to pleura and interstitial fibrosis
37
Pneumoconiosis
path
* nodules w/ pigmented macrophage in collogen next to respiratory bronchioles
* progressive fibrosis
38
Asbestos-related Dz
* asbestos pleural effusion
* Pleural plaques (hyalinized) /fibrosis
* Asbestosis
* lung cancer
* Mesothelioma
39
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
Path
* Type 3 + 4 reaction
* immunologic (mold, animal protein, etc.)
* Bronchioloitis w/ interstitial lymph infiltration --> interstitial granuloma
* farmer's lung, etc.
40
Pumonary edema
Transudate vs. exudate
Transudate - CHF, LV dysfunction
Exudate - alveolar capillary injury
41
ARDS
path
SUDDEN ONSET
Alveolar capillary membrane damage (DAD -diffuse alveolar damage)
Protein exudate/inflammatory into alveolus (NON CARDIOGENIC)
SHUNTING
42
ARDS
CXR
bilateral interstitial edema
43
Bronchopneumonia
Bronchial + parenchyma
44
Lobar pneumonia
just PARENCHYMA
45
Pneumonia complication
* pleural fibrosis
* Empyema
* Abscess
* Bronchiectasis
* Interstitial fibrosis
* cysts
46
TB
Primary localized
Granuloma (Ghon lesion) drains to hilar lymph node --> granulomatous caseous necrosis (Ghon complex)
47
TB
Primary disseminated
Immunocompromised
TB w/ caviation + miliary lung pattern
48
Lung cancer (local)
Presentation
```
Cough
Hemoptysis
Chest pain
Wheeze
Dysnpea
```
49
Lung cancer (systemic)
Presentation
```
Effusion
Pancoast
SVC
Paraneoplastic
Metastases
```
50
Lung cancer recurs as
distant
51
Pleural Malignancies
* Primary lung adenocarcinoma
* Metastatic carcinoma (breast, GI)
* malignant mesothelioma
52
Diffuse Mesothoma
*Histochemistry
Mucin negative
*Immunohistochemistry
Keratin +, CEA -,
Calretinin +
*Electron microscopy
Long thin microvilli
