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Year 2: Clinical Pathology > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Host Factors

A

immune system and devices

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2
Q

Bacterial Factors

A

suited to environment, virulence and resistance

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3
Q

Exposure, Normal Flora competition

A

Opportunity

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4
Q

Streptococci Aureus

A

Bunch of grapes = skin infection, septicemia, pneumonia, meningitis, UTI, endocarditis

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5
Q

Streptococci Epidermidis

A

Skin commensal that adheres to foreign bodies eg. false limbs, catheters and cardiac valves (due to biofilms)

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6
Q

Streptococci pyogenes

A

Group A. Bacterial sore throat, scarlet fever, puerperal sepsis (maternal death)

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7
Q

Streptococci Pneumoniae

A

Alpha-haemolytic = pneumonia and meningitis

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8
Q

Streptococci agalacticae

A

Group B = meningitis in neonates

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9
Q

Streptococci milleri

A

Group of normal floral of upper airway = pus in the abscess of dental, lung, brain and liver

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10
Q

Viridans Streptococci

A

Group of Aphla -haemolytic. Noramally in URT = into blood –> acute infection endocarditis

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11
Q

Streptococci gallolytics

A

Group D normal colonization of the large bowel = colonic malignancies

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12
Q

Listeria monocytogenes

A

Series of Gram-pos bacillus. zoonosis, found in cheese = neonatal, maternal and immunosupressed meningitis and severe sepsis

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13
Q

corynbacterium

A

species of gram-pos commersals of skin and URT = diphtheria BUT vaccinated against in UK

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14
Q

Propionbacterium Acenes

A

gram-neg - acene formation

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15
Q

enterobacteriaceae (coliforms)

A

Gram-negative normal flora of the bowel inc. Ecoli and Salmonella. Rarely cause infection unless ectopic

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16
Q

Escherichia Coli

A

normal bowel floral = UTI and bacteraemia, severe diarrhea and haemolytic uremic syndrome

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17
Q

Psuedomonas aeruginosa

A

Gangrene in leg ulcers - multi resistant gram-neg = resp infections and UTIs

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18
Q

neisseria Meningitis

A

gram-neg diplococcus = meningitis purpuric non blanching rash + sepsis

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19
Q

Neissueria gonorrhoeae

A

gram-neg diplococcus = gonorrhoeae and ophthalmic neonatorum

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20
Q

Haemophilus influenza

A

Know as HIB Gram-neg normal URT flora = pneumonia and COPD flare ups. Group B = meningitis and epiglottis

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21
Q

Clostridium species

A

gram positive spore forming anaerobes

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22
Q

Clostridium Difficle

A

antibiotic associated diarrhea

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23
Q

clostridium perfringens

A

gas gangrene

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24
Q

Clostridium tetani

A

tetanus

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25
Q

clostridium botulinum

A

botulism

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26
Q

bacteriodes, fuscobacterium, prevotelli species

A

polybacterial infection eg. dental, lung and colonic abscesses and soft tissue infections

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27
Q

Mycobacterium species

A

Acid Fast Bacilli eg. Tuberculosis. A typical types = resp infection and COPD exacerbations

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28
Q

mycoplasma pneumoniae

A

common resp infections

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29
Q

Treponema Pallidum

A

Spirochaetes (due to sigmoid shape) = syphilis and lyme disease and leptospirosis

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30
Q

Dermatophytes

A

keratinophilic (grow and use keratin) fungi that causes disease in skin and nails

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31
Q

Trichophyton, microsporum and epidermophyton

A

three genera of dermatophytes

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32
Q

geophilic

A

Fungi that originate in soil

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33
Q

Zoophilic

A

Fungi that originate in animals

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34
Q

Anthrophonic

A

fungi from other humans

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35
Q

Tinea pedis

A

by Trichophyton rubrum- itching and flaking skin: inter-digit and sole of feet (athletes foot)

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36
Q

Tinea unguium

A

by Trichophyton rubrum or onychomycosis - thickening, discolouring and dystrophy of nails

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37
Q

Tinea crusis

A

T.Rubrum = defined red plagues in groin area with satellites in buttocks

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38
Q

Tinea capitis

A

inflammatory disease of the scalp = scaly patches + alopecia, grey patches of skin with black dots

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39
Q

Kerion celsi

A

boggy lesions (Sympt of T. Capitis)

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40
Q

Tinea Corporis

A

single/ multiple erythematous plagues from scalp to groin

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41
Q

Majocci’s granuloma

A

invasion of the hair follicle

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42
Q

Candida

A

genus of yeast that colonize the mucosal membrane of healthy GI tract. Hypae and spores

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43
Q

Oral Candida infection (4 symptoms)

A

1) acute pseudo-memebranes
2) chronic atrophy of tongue
3) angular cheilitis
4) Chronic hypoplastic / oral leukoplakia –> malignant

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44
Q

Candida vulvovaginitis

A

Vaginal thrush = pruritus, inflame and discharge. 80% women

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45
Q

Candida Oesophagitis

A

in immunosupressed = pain and difficulty swallowing

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46
Q

C. Ednocarditis

A

RARE - IV drug use and valve surgery due to candidaemia = fever weight loss, fatigue and heart murmur

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47
Q

Renal candidosis

A

abscess from blood lodgings in tissues - immunosupressed and premature neonate = ab pain, fever, oliguria, anuria

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48
Q

Yeast/ fungal UTI

A

colonize from catheter or ascending Genital tract infection

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49
Q

C. Perintonitis

A

complication of peritoneal dialysis = fever ab pain, nausa and vomiting

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50
Q

Hepatosplenic Candidosis

A

Those with leukemia = candidaemia and neutopia. Abscesses fever and liver function disturbance

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51
Q

Candidaemia

A

in the blood - VERY RARE spores in eyes and heart

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52
Q

Aspergillus

A

genus of moulds and filamentous fungi = pulmonary or sinus disease (allergy). Airborne spores that can be inhaled

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53
Q

Aspergillosis (4 types)

A

1) Space occupying or aspergilloma - cavities from old TB are filled
2) Allergic reaction - asthma, CF and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
3) Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis - COPD
4) Invasive infection - in immunosupressed ‘halos of air’ on CT

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54
Q

Lives on an other organism and benefits by deriving nutrients at the hosts expense

A

Parasite

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55
Q

symbiosis

A

long term interaction between species

56
Q

commensalism

A

parasite benefits and host ISN’T INJURED (normally no disease)

57
Q

Parasitism

A

parasite benefits and host IS HARMED (disease)

58
Q

Definitive host

A

harbors the parasite as an adult - with in which it reproduces

59
Q

Intermediate host

A

harbors the larval and asexual parasite - may need two intermediate hosts in one life cycle

60
Q

Paraentic host

A

parasite resides but doesn’t develope or reproduce

61
Q

Micro parasites

A

Protozoa

62
Q

Flagellates, Amoeboids, sporozoans, Trypanosomes

A

Protozoa

63
Q

Helminths

A

Macroparasites

64
Q

Plathyhelminths + 2 sub groups

A

flatworms eg. cestodes (tape worm), Trematodes (flukes)

65
Q

Nematodes (Helminth)

A

round worms either intestinal and tissue

66
Q

Direct life cycle

A

One host - definitive: reproduces and eggs shed in feaces –> next host

67
Q

Simple Direct life cycle

A

Definitive host sheds eggs in feaces –> intermediate host –> infected host

68
Q

Complex indirect life cycle

A

Definitive host in feaces–> intermediate + intermediate –> parentic host (not infected) - both eaten by infected host

69
Q

Protozoa - sporozoa - Plasmodium spp

A

Malaria

70
Q

P. falciparum, P. Vivas P. ovale and P. Malariae

A

Plasmodium spp = malaria

71
Q

Anopheles (mosquitos)

A

Intermediate host of malaria ‘Vector’ that carries the gametes of plasmodium to new host

72
Q

Symptoms of Malaria

A

intermittent fever and rigor, confusion, headaches and coma

73
Q

Signs of Malaria

A

high temperature, renal failure, anemia, bleeding, hypercaemia, pulmonary odema, circulatory collapse

74
Q

Indication for Malaria

A

traveling to high risk countries + fever = Malaria

75
Q

Treatment for Malaria (2 course of treatment)

A

Chloroquine and primaquine OR Falciparum

76
Q

Falciparum - 4 components (how given)

A

quinine + doxycyline (antiB) + co-artum + atovaquone (prevention) (orally)

77
Q

Protozoa - sporozoa = diarrhoial disease

A

cryptosporidium (either parvum or Hominis)

78
Q

Spread of Cyrpto?

A

Feacal-oral + animal reserve

79
Q

Symptoms of Crypto (5) - What is not found? How many weeks for?

A

mucus and watery diarrhea NOT blood, bloating, cramps, nausea and vomiting - self limiting for 2 weeks

80
Q

Social history for Cryptosporidium - spread?

A

Old people and child care workers, swimming pools - human to human + travelers, farm workers, visiting zoo, - animal to human

81
Q

Test for Crypto

A

stool sample - fast acid staining and antibodies assay

82
Q

Treatment for Crypto

A

Rehydration and nitazoxanide (antiparasitic) OR Paromomycin (antiB)

83
Q

Trichomoniasis

A

flagellate protozoan eg. T vaginalis

84
Q

Spread of Trichomoniasis

A

sexually. 5 - 24 incubation days

85
Q

Symptoms of Trichomonias
Men?
Women?

A

Men Asymptomatic women = smelly vaginal discharge and dysuria + punctuate hemorrhages on cervix (strawberry cervix)

86
Q

Treatment of Trichomonias

A

Metronidazole

87
Q

Giardiasis

A

Flagellate protozoan - by oral - feacal transmission`

88
Q

Giardiasis life cycle

A

Cyst in contaminated food –> trophozites in hosts –> cyst in feaces

89
Q

Symptoms of Giardiasis (6) + for how long

A

(asymptomatic) diarrhoea and malnutrition, ab pain, bloating, N&V lasting 3 weeks

90
Q

Treatment for Giardiasis (2 examples)

A

metronidazole and tinidazole (antifungals)

91
Q

Ascariasis

A

Helminth - intestinal nematode

92
Q

Life cycle of Ascariasis
What host?
In each part of the body?
(Transmission route)

A

humans definitive host - eggs in feaces - larvae in lungs - re swallowed as worms in stomach (feacal-oral route)

93
Q

Signs of Ascariasis
Lungs?
GI tract?

A

Loeffler’s syndrome: dry cough, wheeze, dysponea, haemoptosys.
Malnutrition, intestinal obstruction –> hepatobiliary tree

94
Q

Treatment of Ascariasis

A

Albendazole - prevent glucose absorption to kill worms

95
Q

Schistosomiasis

A

Helminth - platyhelminth - trematode - fluke

96
Q

Definitive host for Schistosomiasis

A

humans

97
Q

intermediate host for Schistosomiasis

A

water snails

98
Q

Schistosomiasis eggs found in

A

feaces

99
Q

Schistosomiasis worms found in

A

blood vessels/ under the skin

100
Q

Disease caused by Schistosomiasis

A

biharzia’s disease

101
Q

Swimmer itch

A

at the site where the worm entered the skin

102
Q

Katayama fever

A

ischemia in blood vessels due to worms blocking - acute and chronic

103
Q

Schistosomia also causes

A

Urinary - haematuria, fibrosis and squamous cell CA

Hepato - liver cirrhosis, portal hypertension and spleno megaly

104
Q

Treatment for Schistosomiasis

A

Praziquantal = detached of worms (+ long term manage of cancer and cirrhosis)

105
Q

Echinococcus spp = what disease?

A

platyhelminth - cestode (tape worm) = hydatid disease

106
Q

Lifecycle of Echinococcus

A

Definitive host = dog –> eggs in poo –> eatern by sheep. Humans accident intermediate host by consumption of embryonic eggs

107
Q

Clinical Signs of Hydatid disease

A

cysts in live (most common), lung, heart and gallbladder. Secondary bacterial infection. Cyst rupture = hypersensitive reaction - imaging and serology of cysts

108
Q

Control of Hydatid

A

regularly worm dog + dispose of feaces well

109
Q

Herpes Virus

A

DNA, double stranded enveloped. Simplex 1 = sore throat. Simplex 2 = genital. Skin on skin contact

110
Q

Parovirus or slapped cheek disease (red rash of cheeks)

A

DNA single stranded unenveloped. Resp transmission = Transient aplastic crisis = anemia

111
Q

Double stranded RNA virus with + and - RNA = fever vomiting and watery diarrhea

A

rotavirus = fever vomiting and watery diarrhea. Feacal-oral route. Winter seasonal

112
Q

Chicken Pox or Shingles (reactivation)

A

Variella zoster virus. Resp transmisison = fever and visicular rash (Comp. pneumonitis, encephalis or acute cerebella ataxia) - Remission held in route ganglion = dermatome distribution

113
Q

Glandular Fever OR infectious mononucleosis OR mono OR kissing disease

A

Epstein Barr Virus or EVC. Saliva and sexual fluid trans. Mononucleosis = sore throat, fever, splenomegaly. Reactivation in immunosupressed

114
Q

CMV

A

cytomegalovirus. Saliva and sexual secretions - same as Glandular fever. Feotuses = retinitis, deafness, microcephaly, hepatosplenomegaly. Reactivation in immunosupressed

115
Q

The Common cold

A

Rhinovirus: + RNA unenveloped

116
Q

Influenza

A
  • RNA enveloped
117
Q

Rhinovirus VS influenza symptoms

A 
Rhino = nasal discharge, cough, sore throat and headache
Influenza = fever, myalgia, headache, cough and sore throat + secondary bacterial infection
118
Q

RSV

A

respiratory syncytial virus (- RN enveloped) = Bronchiolitis - children under 2 with inflammation of small airways - cough and wheeze

119
Q

HIV - type and transmission

A

Human Immunodefieceny virus (+ RNA via DNA enveloped). Blood, sexual secretions, vertical and breast milk

120
Q

Acute presentation of HIV

A

2-6 weeks after infection = seroconverting illness of fever, sore throat and lymphadenopathy

121
Q

Feacal - oral spread Hepatitis

A

Hep A and E = nausea, myalgia, arthralgia and fevers. Then jaundice and right upper quadrant pain

122
Q

Blood Borne Hepatitis –> risk of chronic cirrhosis

A 
Hep B (and D only in conjunction with B) - risk of chronic infection is inversely proportional to age
Hep C - 15% clear BUT 85% become chronic inlcudes 50% of IVDU
123
Q

Only Hepatitis that is Double stranded DNA enveloped (the also are + RNA enveloped)

A

Hep B

124
Q

ssRNA positive Enveloped = projectile vomiting

A

Norovirus Norwalk - control outbreaks. 90% of adult pop have had –> immunity last one year

125
Q

Enterovirus (+ RNA enveloped)

A

polio, coxsackie A and B, enterovirus and echovirus (enteric cytopathic human orphan virus). Named due to their feacal-oral transmission and reside in intestines BUT no GI symptoms

126
Q

Enterovirus Symptoms

A

GI tract –> blood = viraemia. Fever and rashes in children (hands and feet), 50% of viral meningitis, common cold, encephalitis. Coxackie B = pericarditis

127
Q

Prions

A

Accumulation of misfolded proteins (no nucleic acid). Abnormal proteins (inherited or ingested) cause disease.

128
Q

Human Prion Disease

A

CNS 30 year incubation = spongiform change in brain tissue –> fatal

129
Q

Example of Prion disease

A

New variant Sporadic Creutzfeld-jakob disease (CJD). Rare Inherited gene mutation = ataxia, depression, dementia and death. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)

130
Q

Viruses can be classified in 5 different ways

A

Morphology + nucleic acid type
Mode of replication - DNA, RNA, and reverse
Host organisms
Types of disease they cause (Eg. acute or chronic)

131
Q

Types of Chronic viral infection (2) + examples

A

Persistent = Can be latent (re-occures and last all the life of the host) OR can be cleared after a long time

herpes simplex, cytomegalovirus, HIV, Varicella -zoster

132
Q

Rashes signify what viruses
Vesicular
Non - vesicular

A 
Vesicular = Varicella, herpes simplex, enterovirus (polio and coxackie) 
Non-vesicular = measles, rubella, paravirus, adenovirus and Human herpesvirus (HHV)
133
Q

Respiratory viral infections (5)

A

Influenza A&B, parainfluenza, Rhinovirus, coronvirus, respiratory synctial virus (children)

134
Q

GI viral infections (usually RNA) ((5)

A

rotavirus, norovirus, astrovirus, saprovirus, adenovirus

135
Q

Neurological viral infections (encephalitis or meningitis)

A

Herpes simplex, enteroviruses, rabies, Japanese encephalitis

136
Q

Blood borne viruses

A

Hep b and c and Reteroviruses (HIV)

Year 2: Clinical Pathology (10 decks)

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