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Y1 Cardiovascular > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

A clot is…

A

when blood clots outside a vessel - becomes a bruise

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2
Q

Pathway of activated factors in intrinsic pathway?

A

XII > XI > IX + VIIIa > common pathway

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3
Q

Warfarin competes with…

A

Vitamin K

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4
Q

V and VIII are degraded by?

A

protein C and S

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5
Q

Vitamin K is required for which factors? (4)

A

II, VII, IX and X

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6
Q

Vitamin K is required for which factors? (4)

A

II, VII, IX and X

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7
Q

Main anti-clotting proteins

A

Protein C, protein S and anti-thrombin III

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8
Q

II, IX and X are degraded by ?

A

anti-thrombin III

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9
Q

Activated partial thromboplastin time used to measure

A

the extrinsic pathway

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10
Q

Why is stasis an issue?

A

allows coagulants to slow down and increase contact with each other

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11
Q

Glycoproteins IIb and IIIa bind…

A

fibrinogen

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12
Q

Anti-thrombin III degrades

A

II, IX and X

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13
Q

Protein C, protein S and anti-thrombin III are…

A

main anti-clotting proteins

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14
Q

What factors do activated platelets release to attract other platelets? (4)

A

vWF, platelet activating factor, thromboxane A2, ADP

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15
Q

when might thrombosis occur in the arterial system?

A

where there is atherosclerosis where there might be plaque rupture

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16
Q

XII > XI > IX + VIIIa > common pathway is the starting point of which coagulation cascade?

A

intrinsic pathway

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17
Q

Vitamin K is…

A

fat soluble vitamin stored in the liver

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18
Q

Where does turbulence normally occur?

A

at the bifurcation of the artery

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19
Q

What relevance has Poiseuilles Law on the formation of thrombosis?

A

a small change in vessel radius will have a large effect on flow in the vessel

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20
Q

Instrinsic pathway is measured by…

A

pro-thrombin time

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21
Q

What is the main natural clot buster?

A

plasmin

22
Q

Intrinsic pathway starts with Hageman factor XII and?

A

Kalikrien

23
Q

Protein C and S degrade

A

V and VIII

24
Q

Tissue factor –> Tissue factor and VII > common pathway are part of which coagulation cascade?

A

extrinsic pathway

25
Q

pro-thrombin time is used to measure

A

the intrinsic pathway function

26
Q

Warfarin overdose can be corrected with…

A

Vitamin K

27
Q

Start of the extrinsic pathway is…

A

Tissue factor –> Tissue factor and VII > common pathway

28
Q

Infarction is…

A

death of a tissue as a result of ischaemia

29
Q

Factor V Lieden disorder?

A

point mutation in factor V where it would normally be targeted by protein C and S

30
Q

Thrombosis is…

A

a blood clot within a vessel

31
Q

What disease can inhibit the production of which factors

A

II, VII, IX and X

32
Q

Which factors are involved in the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin?

A

IIa and XIIIa

33
Q

the start of the extrinsic pathway is…

A

Tissue factor –> Tissue factor and VII > common pathway

34
Q

Secondary causes of hypercoagulability?

A

Prolonged immobility, significant tissue injury, anti-phospholipid syndrome, MI, AF, Cancer, chemotherapy of many forms, smoking, renal disease

35
Q

Virchows triad

A

site of endothelial injury; turbulent blood flow; hypercoaguable blood

36
Q

An embolis is…

A

a thrombus that has dislodged from its original site and travels through the blood

37
Q

The common pathway starts with factor…?

A

X

38
Q

Two pathways within the coagulation cascade?

A

intrinsic and extrinsic

39
Q

the extrinsic pathway is measured by the

A

activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)

40
Q

IIa and XIIIa are involved in what process?

A

converting fibrinogen to fibrin

41
Q

Why is it unusual for thrombosis to occur in the arterial system?

A

the arterial system is high flow and doesn’t really allow for pro-coagulant material to collect

42
Q

when collagen is exposed it binds (3)

A

von Willebrands factor, glycoproteins IIb and IIIa

43
Q

Endothelial injury may be caused by?

A

smoking, toxins, autoimmune disease, infectious agents, previous DVT, turbulence

44
Q

Ischaemia is…

A

an insufficient blood supply to an area

45
Q

Factor IIa is…

A

thrombin

46
Q

Thrombin is also known as factor…

A

IIa

47
Q

Pathway of activated factors in intrinsic pathway?

A

XII > XI > IX + VIIIa > common pathway

48
Q

Formation of a thrombus required 2 things…

A

platelet activation and fibrin production

49
Q

Autoimmune disease likely to cause endothelial injury

A

primary vasculitis

50
Q

The pathway of the common pathway?

A

X > V > II

Y1 Cardiovascular (12 decks)

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