Pathology Flashcards
A clot is…
when blood clots outside a vessel - becomes a bruise
Pathway of activated factors in intrinsic pathway?
XII > XI > IX + VIIIa > common pathway
Warfarin competes with…
Vitamin K
V and VIII are degraded by?
protein C and S
Vitamin K is required for which factors? (4)
II, VII, IX and X
Vitamin K is required for which factors? (4)
II, VII, IX and X
Main anti-clotting proteins
Protein C, protein S and anti-thrombin III
II, IX and X are degraded by ?
anti-thrombin III
Activated partial thromboplastin time used to measure
the extrinsic pathway
Why is stasis an issue?
allows coagulants to slow down and increase contact with each other
Glycoproteins IIb and IIIa bind…
fibrinogen
Anti-thrombin III degrades
II, IX and X
Protein C, protein S and anti-thrombin III are…
main anti-clotting proteins
What factors do activated platelets release to attract other platelets? (4)
vWF, platelet activating factor, thromboxane A2, ADP
when might thrombosis occur in the arterial system?
where there is atherosclerosis where there might be plaque rupture
XII > XI > IX + VIIIa > common pathway is the starting point of which coagulation cascade?
intrinsic pathway
Vitamin K is…
fat soluble vitamin stored in the liver
Where does turbulence normally occur?
at the bifurcation of the artery
What relevance has Poiseuilles Law on the formation of thrombosis?
a small change in vessel radius will have a large effect on flow in the vessel
Instrinsic pathway is measured by…
pro-thrombin time
What is the main natural clot buster?
plasmin
Intrinsic pathway starts with Hageman factor XII and?
Kalikrien
Protein C and S degrade
V and VIII
Tissue factor –> Tissue factor and VII > common pathway are part of which coagulation cascade?
extrinsic pathway
pro-thrombin time is used to measure
the intrinsic pathway function
Warfarin overdose can be corrected with…
Vitamin K
Start of the extrinsic pathway is…
Tissue factor –> Tissue factor and VII > common pathway
Infarction is…
death of a tissue as a result of ischaemia
Factor V Lieden disorder?
point mutation in factor V where it would normally be targeted by protein C and S
Thrombosis is…
a blood clot within a vessel
What disease can inhibit the production of which factors
II, VII, IX and X
Which factors are involved in the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin?
IIa and XIIIa
the start of the extrinsic pathway is…
Tissue factor –> Tissue factor and VII > common pathway
Secondary causes of hypercoagulability?
Prolonged immobility, significant tissue injury, anti-phospholipid syndrome, MI, AF, Cancer, chemotherapy of many forms, smoking, renal disease
Virchows triad
site of endothelial injury; turbulent blood flow; hypercoaguable blood
An embolis is…
a thrombus that has dislodged from its original site and travels through the blood
The common pathway starts with factor…?
X
Two pathways within the coagulation cascade?
intrinsic and extrinsic
the extrinsic pathway is measured by the
activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)
IIa and XIIIa are involved in what process?
converting fibrinogen to fibrin
Why is it unusual for thrombosis to occur in the arterial system?
the arterial system is high flow and doesn’t really allow for pro-coagulant material to collect
when collagen is exposed it binds (3)
von Willebrands factor, glycoproteins IIb and IIIa
Endothelial injury may be caused by?
smoking, toxins, autoimmune disease, infectious agents, previous DVT, turbulence
Ischaemia is…
an insufficient blood supply to an area
Factor IIa is…
thrombin
Thrombin is also known as factor…
IIa
Pathway of activated factors in intrinsic pathway?
XII > XI > IX + VIIIa > common pathway
Formation of a thrombus required 2 things…
platelet activation and fibrin production
Autoimmune disease likely to cause endothelial injury
primary vasculitis
The pathway of the common pathway?
X > V > II
