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Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What are examples of granulomatous diseases?

A 
tuberculosis
fungal infections (ie histoplasmosis)
syphilis
leprosy
cat scratch fever
sarcoidosis
crohn's disease
berylliosis
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2
Q

What are the differences between transudate and exudate?

A

Transudate:
hypocellular, protein poor, specific gravity < 1.012, due to increased hydrostatic pressure/decreased oncotic pressure/na retention

exudate: cellular, protein rich, specific gravity > 1.020, due to lymphatic obstruction/inflammation

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3
Q

What neoplasm is associated with Down syndrome?

A

ALL, AML

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4
Q

What neoplasm is associated with xeroderma pigmentosum and albinism?

A

melanoma, basal cell carcinoma and especially squamous cell carcinoma

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5
Q

What neoplasm is associated with chronic atrophic gastritis, pernicious anemia, postsurgical gastric remnants?

A

gastric adenocarcinoma

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6
Q

What neoplasm is associated with tuberous sclerosis?

A

astrocytoma, angiomyolipoma, and cardiac rhabdomyoma

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7
Q

What neoplasm is associated with Plummer-Vinson syndrome (atrophic glossitis, esophageal webs, anemia ll due to iron deficiency)

A

squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus

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8
Q

What neoplasm is associated with cirrhosis?

A

hepatocellular carcinoma

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9
Q

What neoplasm is associated with ulcerative colitis?

A

colonic adenocarcinoma

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10
Q

What neoplasm is associated with Paget’s disease of the bone?

A

2* osteosarcoma and fibroscarcoma

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11
Q

What neoplasm is associated with immunodeficiency states?

A

malignant lymphomas

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12
Q

What neoplasm is associated with AIDS?

A

aggressive malignant lymphomas (non-Hodgkins) and Kaposi’s sarcoma

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13
Q

What neoplasm is associated with autoimmune diseases?

A

lymphoma

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14
Q

What neoplasm is associated with acanthosis nigricans?

A

visceral malignancy (stomach, lung, breast, uterus)

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15
Q

What neoplasm is associated with dysplastic nevus?

A

malignant melanoma

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16
Q

What neoplasm is associated with radiation exposure?

A

sarcoma, papillary thyroid cancer?

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17
Q

What tumor is associated with the oncogene abl?

A

CML –> tyrosine kinase

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18
Q

What tumor is associated with the oncogene c-myc?

A

Burkitt’s lmphoma –> TF

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19
Q

What tumor is associated with the oncogene bcl-2?

A

follicular and undifferentiated lymphomas –> anti-apoptotic molecule

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20
Q

What tumor is associated with the oncogene erb-B2?

A

breast, ovarian and gastric carcinomas –> tyrosine kinase

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21
Q

What tumor is associated with the oncogene ras?

A

colon carcinoma –> GTPase

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22
Q

What tumor is associated with the oncogene L-myc?

A

lung tumor –> TF

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23
Q

What tumor is associated with the oncogene N-myc?

A

nueroblastoma –> TF

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24
Q

What tumor is associated with the oncogene ret?

A

multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) types 2A and 2B

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25
What tumor is associated with the oncogene c-kit?
gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) --> cytokine tumor?
26
What tumor is associated with the tumor suppressor gene Rb (13q)?
retinoblastoma, osteosarcoma rb gene blocks G1 --> S phase
27
What tumor is associated with the tumor suppressor gene p53 (17p)?
most human cancers, Li- Graumeni syndrome p53 blocks G1--> S phase
28
What tumor is associated with the tumor suppressor gene BRCA1?
breast and ovarian cancer | DNA repair protein
29
What tumor is associated with the tumor suppressor gene BRCA2?
breast cancer | DNA repair protein
30
What tumor is associated with the tumor suppressor gene p16 (9p)?
melanoma
31
What tumor is associated with the tumor suppressor gene APC (5q)
colorectal cancer (associated with FAP)
32
What tumor is associated with the tumor suppressor gene WT1 (11p)
Wilm's tumor
33
What tumor is associated with the tumor suppressor gene NF1(17q)
neurofibromatosis type 1
34
What tumor is associated with the tumor suppressor gene NF2 (22q)?
neurofibromatosis type 2
35
What tumor is associated with the tumor suppressor gene DPC (18q)
pancreatic cancer "DPC- deleted in pancreatic cancer"
36
What tumor is associated with the tumor suppressor gene DCC (18q)?
colon cancer "DCC- deleted in colon cancer"
37
What does the elevated tumor marker PSA suggest?
prostate carcinoma, but can also be elevated in BPH and prostatitis
38
What does the elevated tumor marker prostatic acid phosphatase suggest?
prostate carcinoma
39
What does the elevated tumor marker CEA suggest?
nonspecific but produced by 70% of colorectal and pancreatic cancers, also produced by gastric, breast, and thyroid medullary carcinomas
40
What does the elevated tumor marker alpha-fetoprotein suggest?
normally made by fetus, but elevated in hepatocellular carcinoma, nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of the testis (yolk sac tumor)
41
What does the elevated tumor marker b-HCG suggest?
Hydatidiform moles Choriocarcinomas Gestational trophoblastic tumors
42
What does the elevated tumor marker CA-125 suggest?
ovarian, malignant epithelial tumors
43
What does the elevated tumor marker S-100 suggest?
melanoma, neural tumors, astrocytomas
44
What does the elevated tumor marker alkaline phosphatase suggest?
metastases to bone, obstructive biliary disease, Paget's disease of bone
45
What does the elevated tumor marker bomesin suggest?
neuroblastoma, lung and gastric cancer
46
What does the elevated tumor marker TRAP (tartate-resistant acid phosphatase) suggest?
hairy cell leukemia (B cell neoplasm)
47
What does the elevated tumor marker 19-9 suggest?
pancreatic adenocarcinoma
48
What does the elevated tumor marker calcitonin suggest?
thyroid medullary carcinoma
49
What organ is affected by aflatoxins?
liver (hepatocellular carcinoma)
50
What organ is affected by vinyl chloride?
liver (angiosarcoma)
51
What organ is affected by CCl4?
liver (centrilolobular necrosis, fatty change)
52
What organ is affected by nitroamines (eg in smoked foods)?
esophagus, stomach
53
What organ is affected by cigarette smoke?
larynx (squamous cell carcinoma), lung (squamous cell and small cell carcinomas)
54
What organ is affected by asbestos?
lung (mesothelioma and bronchogenic carcinoma)
55
What organ is affected by arsenic?
skin (squamous cell carcinoma), liver (angiosarcoma)
56
What organ is affected by naphthalene (aniline) dyes?
bladder (transitional cell carcinoma)
57
What organ is affected by alkylating agents?
blood (leukemia)
58
What cancer can cause a Cushing's syndrome effect?
small cell lung carcinoma via ACTH or ACTH-like peptide
59
What cancer can cause SIADH?
small cell lung carcinoma and intracranial neoplasms?
60
What cancer can cause hypercalcemia?
small cell lung carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, and breast carcinoma via PTH-related peptide, TGF-beta, TNF or IL-1
61
What cancer can cause polycythemia?
renal cell carcinoma, hemangioblastoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and pheochromocytoma via erythropoietin
62
What cancer can cause Lambert-Eaton syndrome?
thymoma, small cell lung carcinoma via antibodies against presynaptic Ca2+ channels
63
What cancer can cause gout/urate nephropathy?
leukemias and lymphomas via hyperuricemia due to excess nucleic acid turnover?
64
What neoplasms are psammoma bodies characteristic of?
``` PSaMMoma: Papillary (thyroid) Serious (ovary) Meningioma Mesothelioma ```
65
What are the primary tumors that metastasize to the brain?
Lots of Bad Stuff Kills Glia | lung, breast, skin (melanoma), kidney (renal cell carcinoma), GI
66
What are the primary tumors that metastasize to the liver?
Cancer Sometimes Penetrates Benign Liver | Colon > Stomach > Pancreas > Breast > Lung
67
What are the primary tumors that metastasize to the bone?
prostate, thyroid, testes, breast, lung, kidney breast and prostate are most common

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