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Year 1: Principles > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Enlargement due to increase in cell number

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2
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Enlargement due to increase in cell size

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3
Q

What is hypoplasia?

A

Reduction in seize of an organ that never fully developed to normal size (Irreversible)

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4
Q

What is atrophy?

A

Reduction in size of an organ due to decreased cell size and number

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5
Q

What is a neoplasm?

A

Abnormal mass of tissue

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6
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

Altered differentiation- a mature cell type transforms into another cell type

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7
Q

What is barrett’s oesophagus an example of?

A

A metaplastic change.

Squamous epithelium is replaced by glandular epithelium

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8
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Pre-malignant process that involves cell growth without a stimulus

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9
Q

What is angiogenesis?

A

Formation of new blood vessels

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10
Q

What is senescence?

A

Deterioration of function of cells

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11
Q

What is necrosis?

A

Premature cell death (pathological)

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12
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death

e.g. in AIDS patients/reperfusion injury

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13
Q

What is suppuration?

A

formation of pus

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14
Q

What cells does pus consist of?

A

Living cells, dying cells, dead neutrophils, bacteria and debris

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15
Q

What are stable cells?

A

Cells that only multiply after a stimulus e.g. hepatocytes

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16
Q

What are labile cells?

A

Cells that multiply continually, e.g. surface epithelium, cancer cells

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17
Q

What are permanent cells?

A

cells that cannot multiply any further, e.g. neurones

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18
Q

What do oncogenes do?

Give some examples of oncogenes

A 
Stimulate cell division 
Ras
Src
PDGF
HER2
EGFR
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19
Q

What do tumour suppressor genes do?

Give some examples

A

p53
PTEN
BRCA-1
APC

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20
Q

What is the function of FAS ligand (CD95)?

A

It binds with receptor to induce apoptosis

extrinsic pathway

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21
Q

What is Bcl2?

A

An anti-apoptotic molecule found in mitochondrial membrane

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22
Q

Which pro-apoptotic molecules replace Bcl2 to induce apoptosis?

A

Bak, Bax

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23
Q

Which proteins regulate angiogenesis?

A

PDGF, EGFR, TNF

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24
Q

Which mutations are associated with breast cancer?

A

BRCA

HER2

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25
Q

Which mutations are associated with lung cancer?

26
Q

An EGFR mutation + a mutation in which gene makes EGFR specific drugs ineffective?

27
Q

Which gene is mutated in FAP?

28
Q

Which gene is mutated in Cowden’s syndrome?

29
Q

Which gene is mutated in gorlins syndrome?

30
Q

What might malignant cells look like histologically?

A

Irregular
High N:C ratio - lots of cells
Lots of different shapes + sizes (pleomorphism)
Lots more dark colour (hyperchromasia)

31
Q

What is a benign squamous epithelial tumour called?

What is a malignant squamous epithelial tumour called?

A

Squamous papilloma

Squamous carcinoma

32
Q

What is a benign glandular tumour called? What is a malignant glandular tumour called?

A

Adenoma

Adenocarcinoma

33
Q

How do malignant tumours arising from mesenchymal tissue end?

A

‘sarcoma’
e.g. fat tumour - liposarcoma
Endothelium- angiosarcoma

34
Q

Outline Duke staging

A

Stage A- confined to wall
Stage B- penetrates wall
Stage C- lymph node metastases
Stage D- metastatic disease

35
Q

When does coagulative necrosis commonly occur?

A

Post MI

Cell outline preserved + scarring

36
Q

When does liquefactive necrosis commonly occur?

A

In the brain, e.g after a stroke

No cell structure remains, pus formation + no scarring

37
Q

What condition does caseous necrosis commonly occur in?

38
Q

Where is fibrinoid necrosis found?

A

Walls of blood vessels, most common in the liver

39
Q

What are the signs of acute inflammation?

A 
Rubor (redness)
Calor (heat) 
Tumor (swelling)
Dolor- (pain) 
Loss of function
40
Q

What causes the redness and heat observed in acute inflammation?

A

Vasodilation - increased blood flow + skin temperature

41
Q

What are the protein components of the oedema in acute inflammation?

A

Immunoglobulins and fibrinogen

42
Q

Which cells release histamine?

What are the effects?

A

Mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, platelets

Vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, bronchoconstriction

43
Q

Which cells release serotonin? What are the effects?

A

Mast cells, platelets

Vasodilation, increased vascular permeability

44
Q

What is the function of chemokines? Which cells release them?

A

Attract leukocytes to the site of inflammation by chemotaxis
Body cells

45
Q

What properties do leukotrienes have? which cells release them?

A

Vasoactive properties

Neutrophils

46
Q

Which cells release prostaglandins? Where are the effects?

A

Mast cells
increase vascular permeability
Stimulate platelet aggregation

47
Q

Which cell is first recruited to the site of infection/inflammation?

A

Neutrophils

48
Q

Which adhesion molecules control the migration of neutrophils into cells?

A

ICAM

PECAM1

49
Q

How is expression of adhesion molecules increased?

A

IL-1
Endotoxins
TNF

50
Q

What cells are histologically associated with chronic inflammation?

A

Lymphocytes
Macrophage
Plasma cells

51
Q

What is granulation tissue?

A

Replacement of damaged tissue by angiogenesis, fibroblast proliferation + collagen synthesis - forms granulation tissue + scarring

52
Q

What is formation of granulation tissue regulated by?

A

Growth factors, e.g. TNF, EGF

53
Q

What cells is a granuloma primarily made of?

A

Macrophage

54
Q

What is regeneration?

A

Restitution with no or minimal residual defect (cannot be seen by the naked eye)

55
Q

What is repair?

A

formation of granulation tissue + scarring - necessary when tissue is lost

56
Q

What is an example of first intention repair where there is minimal granulation tissue + scarring?

A

Surgical scar

57
Q

What is an example of second intention repair where there is predominant granulation tissue + scarring?

A

Ulcerated scar

58
Q

What is the initiating factor in atherosclerosis?

A

endothelial injury

59
Q

Which molecule becomes oxidised in atherosclerosis formation?

60
Q

What are foam cells?

A

Macrophage which have absorbed oxidised LDL - seen as a fatty streak

61
Q

Which cells proliferate in response to cytokines to produce a fibrous cap over atherosclerotic plaque?

A

Smooth muscle cells

62
Q

Smooth muscle cells deposit which substance over the atherosclerotic plaque?

Year 1: Principles (5 decks)

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