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Year 1: Principles > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

What colour to Gram Positive organisms stain on a Gram Stain and why?

A

PURPLE. They stain well due to thick peptidoglycan layer.

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2
Q

Do gram positive organisms produce endotoxin or exotoxin?

A

Exotoxin which is exported from the cell

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3
Q

What are streptococci? How are they arranged?

A

Gram postitive aerobic cocci in strips

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4
Q

What is alpha-haemolysis and which organisms cause it?

A

Partial haemolysis. Caused by Strep. Pneumoniae and Strep Viridans.

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5
Q

What is beta-haemolysis and which organisms cause it?

A

Complete haemolysis. Caused by group A and group B strep

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6
Q

What is gamma-haemolysis and which organisms cause it?

A

No haemolysis. Caused by enterococcus

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7
Q

What are staphylococci? How are they arranged?

A

Gram positive aerobic cocci in clusters

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8
Q

What organisms are coagulase positive?

A

Staph.Aureus (wound + skin infections)

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9
Q

What organisms are coagulase negative?

A

All other staph, e.g. skin commensals

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10
Q

Name an aerobic gram positive bacilli

A

Bacillus cereus (food poisoning from rice)

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11
Q

Name an anaerobi bacilli

A

Clostridium Difficile (Antibiotic associated colitis)

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12
Q

What colour do gram negative organisms stain a gram stain and why?

A

PINK. Stain less well as thinner peptidoglycan layer doesn’t retain stain well

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13
Q

Do gram negative organisms produce endotoxin or exotoxin?

A

Endotoxin. It is part of the cell wall.

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14
Q

Which gram negative organisms are strict aerobes?

A

Legionella

Pseudomonas

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15
Q

Name 2 gram negative diplococci

A

Neisseria gonorrhoea

Neisseria meningitides

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16
Q

What are the gram negative gut commensals?

A

E.Coli
Klebsiella
Proteus

17
Q

What are the gram negative gut pathogens?

A

E.Coli 0157
Salmonella
Shigella

18
Q

What toxin does E.Coli 0157 produce and what can it cause?

A

VEROTOXIN. Causes haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Commonest cause of renal failure in kids under 5

19
Q

Name a strict anaerobic gram negative Bacilli

A

Bacteroids

20
Q

What gram negative organism causes whooping cough?

A

Bordetella Pertussis

21
Q

What gram negative organism causes COPD exacerbations?

A

Haemophilus Influenza

22
Q

What does bacteriostatic mean?

A

An antibiotic which inhibits cell growth

23
Q

What does bactericidal mean?

A

An antibiotic which kills bacteria directly

24
Q

Which classes of antibiotic work on the cell wall?

A

Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Glycopeptides

25
Q

Which classes of antibiotic work on bacterial DNA?

A

Metronidazole
Trimethoprim
Fluoroquinolone’s

26
Q

Which classes of antibiotic inhibit protein synthesis?

A

Macrolides
Aminoglycosides
Tetracyclines

27
Q

Describe 3 features of Penicillins

A

Bactericidal
Safe in pregnancy
Excreted via kidneys

28
Q

What does flucloxacillin treat?

A

Staph + strep only

29
Q

What does Temocillin treat?

A

Gram negative organisms ONLY. Active against ESBL producing organisms

30
Q

What does amoxicillin treat?

A

Treats both gram negative and gram positive organisms. Broad spectrum but destroyed by beta lactamase

31
Q

Describe 3 features of cephalosporins?

A

Bactericidal
safe in pregnancy
excreted via kidneys

32
Q

Describe 3 features of glycopeptides, e.g. vancomycin

A

Bactericidal
safe in pregnancy
excreted via kidneys
only active against gram POSITIVE organisms

33
Q

Name some macrolides

A

Erythromycin
Clarithromycin
Azithromycin

34
Q

Which macrolide is safe in pregnancy?

A

Erythromycin

35
Q

Are macrolides bactericidal/bacteriostatic and how are they excreted?

A

Bacteriostatic

Excreted via liver

36
Q

Name 4 features of aminoglycosides, e.g. gentamicin

A

Must be given IV or IM
Bactericidal
NOT safe in pregnancy
Excreted via kidneys

37
Q

What are the side effects of gentamicin?

A

Damage to 8th cranial nerve + damage to kidneys

38
Q

Which antibiotics can cause C.Diff infection?

A

Cephalosporins
Clindamycin
Co-amoxiclav
Ciprofloxacin

Year 1: Principles (5 decks)

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