Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Multiplicative

A

Increased number of cells

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2
Q

Auxetic

A

Increased size of individual cells

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3
Q

Accretionary

A

Increased connective tissue

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4
Q

Atrophy

A

Decreased number/size of cells

organ was normal size

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5
Q

Hypoplasia

A

Failure of organ development

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6
Q

Acquisition of overt specialised morphology or function

A

Differentiation

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7
Q

Increase in cell number

A

Hyperplasia

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8
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in cell size

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9
Q

An aquired form of altered differentiation

A

Metaplasia

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10
Q

Labile cells

A

Continuously dividing

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11
Q

Stable cells

A

Low level of replicative activity

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12
Q

Permanent cells

A

Non-dividing

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13
Q

Squamous papilloma

A

Benign

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14
Q

Adenoma

A

Benign

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15
Q

Lipoma

A

Benign

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16
Q

Liposarcoma

A

Malignant

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17
Q

Angioma

A

Benign

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18
Q

Chondroma

A

Benign

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19
Q

Chondrosarcoma

A

Malignant

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20
Q

Osteoma

A

Benign

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21
Q

Osteosarcoma

A

Malignant

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22
Q

Rhabdomyoma

A

Benign

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23
Q

Rhabdomyosarcoma

A

Malignant

24
Q

Glioma

A

Malignant

25
Q

Lymphoma

A

Malignant

26
Q

Melanoma

A

Malignant

27
Q

Seminoma

A

Malignant

28
Q

Mesothelioma

A

Malignant

29
Q

These cells are monoclonal

A

Neoplastic cells

30
Q

Pre-malignant process

A

Dysplasia

31
Q

How does a carcinoma tend to spread?

A

Lymphatic

32
Q

How does a sarcoma spread?

A

Haematogenous

33
Q

Earliest clinically detectable lesion

A

1g (after 30 doublings)

34
Q

Initiation

A

Electrophilic molecules

DNA damagge

35
Q

Promotion

A

Stimulate proliferation

36
Q

Chromosome breakage syndromes

A

Fanconi’s anaemia
Bloom’s syndrome
Ataxia telangiectasia

37
Q

Defective DNA repair

A

Xeroderma pigmentosum

HNPCC

38
Q
PDGF
EGFR
ras
src
myc
A

Classical oncogenes

39
Q

N-myc

A

Neuroblastoma

40
Q

erb-B2

A

breast cancer

41
Q

Guardian of the genoma

A

P53

42
Q
p53
pRB
APC
BRCA-1
NF-1
WT-1
A

Tumour suppressor genes

43
Q

Inappropriate ADH

A

Small cell lung

44
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

Squamous carcinoma lung

T cell leukaemia/lymphoma

45
Q

Polycytehmia

A

Renal cell carcinoma

46
Q

Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy

A

Bronchogenic carcinoma

47
Q

Cancers which could present with nephrotic syndrome

A

Colo-rectal carcinoma

Hodgkins disease

48
Q

T1

A

invasion of submucosa

49
Q

T2

A

Invasion of muscularis propria

50
Q

T3

A

Invasion to subserosa and non-peritonealised pericolic and pararectal tissues

51
Q

T4

A

Invasion into adjacent organs or perforation of visceral peritoneum

52
Q

N0

A

No regional node metastases

53
Q

N1

A

1-3 regional nodes contain metastatic tumour

54
Q

N2

A

4 or more nodes contain metastatic tumour

55
Q

M0

A

no distant metastases

56
Q

M1

A

distant metastases