Pathology Flashcards
1
Q
Multiplicative
A
Increased number of cells
2
Q
Auxetic
A
Increased size of individual cells
3
Q
Accretionary
A
Increased connective tissue
4
Q
Atrophy
A
Decreased number/size of cells
organ was normal size
5
Q
Hypoplasia
A
Failure of organ development
6
Q
Acquisition of overt specialised morphology or function
A
Differentiation
7
Q
Increase in cell number
A
Hyperplasia
8
Q
Hypertrophy
A
Increase in cell size
9
Q
An aquired form of altered differentiation
A
Metaplasia
10
Q
Labile cells
A
Continuously dividing
11
Q
Stable cells
A
Low level of replicative activity
12
Q
Permanent cells
A
Non-dividing
13
Q
Squamous papilloma
A
Benign
14
Q
Adenoma
A
Benign
15
Q
Lipoma
A
Benign
16
Q
Liposarcoma
A
Malignant
17
Q
Angioma
A
Benign
18
Q
Chondroma
A
Benign
19
Q
Chondrosarcoma
A
Malignant
20
Q
Osteoma
A
Benign
21
Q
Osteosarcoma
A
Malignant
22
Q
Rhabdomyoma
A
Benign
23
Q
Rhabdomyosarcoma
A
Malignant
24
Q
Glioma
A
Malignant
25
Lymphoma
Malignant
26
Melanoma
Malignant
27
Seminoma
Malignant
28
Mesothelioma
Malignant
29
These cells are monoclonal
Neoplastic cells
30
Pre-malignant process
Dysplasia
31
How does a carcinoma tend to spread?
Lymphatic
32
How does a sarcoma spread?
Haematogenous
33
Earliest clinically detectable lesion
1g (after 30 doublings)
34
Initiation
Electrophilic molecules
| DNA damagge
35
Promotion
Stimulate proliferation
36
Chromosome breakage syndromes
Fanconi's anaemia
Bloom's syndrome
Ataxia telangiectasia
37
Defective DNA repair
Xeroderma pigmentosum
| HNPCC
38
```
PDGF
EGFR
ras
src
myc
```
Classical oncogenes
39
N-myc
Neuroblastoma
40
erb-B2
breast cancer
41
Guardian of the genoma
P53
42
```
p53
pRB
APC
BRCA-1
NF-1
WT-1
```
Tumour suppressor genes
43
Inappropriate ADH
Small cell lung
44
Hypercalcemia
Squamous carcinoma lung
| T cell leukaemia/lymphoma
45
Polycytehmia
Renal cell carcinoma
46
Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy
Bronchogenic carcinoma
47
Cancers which could present with nephrotic syndrome
Colo-rectal carcinoma
| Hodgkins disease
48
T1
invasion of submucosa
49
T2
Invasion of muscularis propria
50
T3
Invasion to subserosa and non-peritonealised pericolic and pararectal tissues
51
T4
Invasion into adjacent organs or perforation of visceral peritoneum
52
N0
No regional node metastases
53
N1
1-3 regional nodes contain metastatic tumour
54
N2
4 or more nodes contain metastatic tumour
55
M0
no distant metastases
56
M1
distant metastases
