Pathology Flashcards
What is myxomatous degeneration of arteries? What condition is it associated with?
Myxomatous Degen: cystic medial degen (fragmentation of elastic tissue) -> predisposes to aortic aneurysms
Associated with Marfan’s
Myocardial Bx in acute rheumatic fever vs. viral myocarditis?
Rheumatic fever: preceded by GAS infection - shows mononuclear inflam infiltrate and scattered multinucleated giant cells –> which will then be replaced by fibrous tissue- any of the 3 layers of the heart
Viral: lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate
Histology Koilocyte
Immature Squamous Cell infected with HPV
dense irregularly staining cytoplasm
perivascular clearing = “halo” - pyknotic nucleus - dense, condensed Q1015
Hepatitis B histology
“ground glass” eosinophilic granules within cytoplasm are HbSAg
Q367
When would you see signs of ischemia in an MI under light microscopy?
No signs until after 4 hours of onset 0-4 minimal change 4-12h coagulation necrosis, edema, hemorrhage, wavy fibers 12-24h coagulation necrosis, contraction band necrosis 1-5 days coagulation necrosis + PMN 5-10 days macrophage phago dead cells 10-14 wks granulation tissue, neovas 2 wks-2 mos collagen deposition/scar
Valvular vegetations in endocarditis are composed of what?
Fibrin and platelet deposition at a site of bacterial colonization.
Pathology of someone with hypersensitivity to tobacco extract and intermittent claudication?
Segmental Thrombosing Vasculitis
Pulmonary abscess are formed how?
Suppurative destruction of lung parenchyma 2/2 lysosomal content release by macrophages and neutrophils.
Urticaria characterized by
dermal edema.
What do metalloproteinases do?
Zn-containing enzymes that degrade extracellular matrix. Impt for tissue remodeling and tumor invasion thru basement membrane.
What changes need to happen for tumor to met?
- Detachment of tumor cell - loss of E-cadherin
- Adhere to basement membrane - increased expression of laminin
- invasion of basement membrane - metalloproteinases
Histology of cell undergoing apoptosis?
Nuclear fragmentation. Intensely eosinophilic - acidophilic bodies.
What is dystrophic calcification and what does it indicate?
Calcification 2/2 necrosis. Usually in heart valves or atheromatous plaques; anywhere there is necrosis Pts are normocalcemic (vs. metastatic calcification in kidney, lungs, Gi 2/2 hypercalcemia).
Pentazocine is what type of drug?
Partial opioid agonist, weak antagonist - mu receptor.
Use: Analgesia with little abuse potential
May cause withdrawal in opioid dependent people.
What enzyme is a reverse transcriptase? High activity would be found in what type of cell?
Telomerase is a RT. Has RNA template which it uses to add TTAGGG to 3’ end of DNA. High activity found in cancer cells.
What signs of irreversible cell injury?
MItochondrial vacuolization Nuclear pyknosis (condensation), karyorrhexis (fragment), karyolysis (lysis!) Lysosomal rupture
Reversible: mito swelling, nuclear chromatin clumping, disaggregation of nuclear granuoles
Foreign Bodies elicit what response
Granulomatous
Steps of Collagen Synthesis
- signal sequence directs growing polypeptide chain into RER (pre-pro alpha chain)
- signal sequence is cleaved (pro-alpha chains)
- hydroxylation of proline and lysine residues (vit C)
- glycosylation of lysine residues
- assembly of pro-alpha chains into procollagen triple helix 6. secreted -> golgi -> extracellular
- N and C- terminal propeptides (lots of disulfide bonds cleaved) cleaved –> tropocollagen
- spontaneous assembly of tropocollagen into collagen fibrils
- covalent crosslinks by lysyl oxidase.
Proteins responsible for localized amyloidosis in: - cardiac- thyroid - pancreatic islet- cerebrum/cerebral blood vessels - pituitary gland And primary systemic amyloidosis?
cardiac: atrial naturietic peptide
thyroid: calcitonin
pancreatic islet: islet amyloid protein (amylin)
cerebrum/cerebral blood vessels: beta-amyloid protein- pituitary: prolactin systemic: Immunoglobulin light chain.
Features of Anaplastic cells (undifferentiated)
Pleomorphism (Variation size, shape)
Loss of cell polarity, coalesce into sheets
Giant multinucleated cells
Numerous, abnl mitotic figures
Nuclei: - pleomorphic
high N:C ratio- coarsely clumped chromatin and large nucleoli
Key Growth factors in angiogenesis?
VEGF FGF
Lipoma vs. Liposarcoma
Liposarcoma: round clear cytoplasmic vacuoles scalloping the nucleus (cytoplasmic lipids that shift periodically), round cells with many mitoses
Lipoma: mature fat cells without pleomorphism
Key: messed up nucleus = malignant.
Tissue Ischemia results in what electrolyte changes?
No ATP - Na/K ATP pump messed up. Less Na gradient flowing in - Na/Ca channel messed up.
Lactic acidosis - increased extra pH
decreased extracell HCO3
Decrease EXTRAcell Na, Ca, HCO3
Increased EXTRAcell K.
Note: Increased cytoplasmic Ca is hallmark of ischemic injury.
