Pathology

Question 1

1) Nucleus basalis of Meynert? Disease association?

Answer 1

Cholinergic nucleus in basal forebrain that projects throughout the cortex.
Associated with Alzheimers

Question 2

3) Subthalamic nucleus lesion vs. caudate atrophy. Associated diseases?

Answer 2

Hemiballismus and subthalamic nucleus lesion: involuntary flailing of the limbs, NTBCw/ choreiform movements in huntington’s disease
Caudate atrophy occurs in Huntington’s

Question 3

5) Patient presents with new onset memory loss, neurologic weakness, weakness of eye muscles, and ataxia. Prolonged history of alcoholism. Diagnosis? What’s the neural substrate/structure of their memory loss?

Answer 3

Thiamine deficiency - Wernicke’s encephalopathy

This causes damage to the mamillary bodies!

Question 4

6) Parinaud’s syndrome (dorsal midbrain syndrome) described?

Answer 4

Damage to pineal gland (pinealoma, pineoblastoma, astrocytoma, etc) which causes dilated pupils and inability to look upward

Question 5

7) Elderly patient with resting hand tremor (worse with concentration) and shuffling gait. Diagnosis? Neurosurgical treatment option (including anatomical region)?

Answer 5

Parkinsons disease

Deep brain stimulation in the subthalamic nucleus