Pathology Flashcards
benign nodular fasciitis
soft tissue tumor, trauma, increased mitotic activity, hypercell “sarcoma”, superficial tissue, surgical excision
benign fibromatosis
soft tissue tumor, slow growing, locally aggressive, recur post resection, repeated trauma
palmar fibromatosis
soft tissue tumor, 4th and 5th digit - dupyten contracture (most common), 50% bilateral
plantar fibromatosis
soft tissue tumor, plantar aponeurosis (2nd most common)
penile fibromatosis
soft tissue tumor, curves towards affected side (least common)
fibroma
soft tissue tumor, ovaries, fibroblasts, firm & encapsulated
fibrosarcoma
soft tissue tumor, herring bone, fibroblasts, malignant, knees, hemorrhage & necrosis
mal fibrous histocytoma
soft tissue tumor, after radiation therapy, will metastasize to the lungs
lipoma
soft tissue tumor, most common, encapsulationed, angiolipoma (vascular proliferation)
liposarcoma
soft tissue tumor, slow growing, wraps around aorta, mxyoid (12&16 chromosome translocation). most common deep thigh and retroperitoneum
rhabdomyosarcoma
soft tissue tumor, most common in kids, primative mesenchyme
embryonal (rhabdomyosarcoma)
soft tissue tumor, kids 3-12, retroperitineum, striations, characteristics of rhabdomyoblast
sarcoma botryoides (rhabdomyosarcoma)
soft tissue tumor, girls <4yo, vagina and bladder, grape like tumor mass
alveolar (rhabdomyosarcoma)
soft tissue tumor, 10-25 yo, club shaped tumor cells, 1:13, 2:13 translocation
pleomorphic (rhabdomyosarcoma)
soft tissue tumor, least common, worst one, found in elderly, no striations, multinucleated giant cells
synovial sarcoma
soft tissue tumor, femur, painful and tender mass, multi lobular mass well circumsized, X:18 metastasize to lungs
leiomyoma
soft tissue tumor, beninge, smooth muscle uterus! painful yellow firm nodules
leiomyosarcoma
soft tissue tumor, larger and softer than leiomyoma, increased mitotic activity, grossly well circumsized, hemorrhage and necrosis, cigar shaped nuclei
hemangioma
soft tissue tumor, vascular channels, no neoplasm, collection of normal tissue
capillary (hemangioma)
soft tissue tumor, bright red and blue b/c vascular proliferation, cosmetic disfiguration
juvenile (hemangioma)
soft tissue tumor, “strawberry”, grow rapidly then regress
cavernous (hemangioma)
soft tissue tumor, large vascular channels does not regress
angiosarcoma
soft tissue tumor, highly malignant, endothelial cells, 1/2 Pts die, (arsenic, vinyl chloride associations)
kaposi sarcoma
soft tissue tumor, angiosarcoma, painful purple brown nodule, endothelial cells, AIDS, HHV-8, rare death
non ossifying fibroma
bone tumor, metaphysis of Long bones, fibro cartilage defect, “soap bubble”
solitary bone cyst
bone tumor, fluid filled lesion, trauma, causes bone reabsorption for growth, careful not osteosarcoma, pathologic fx diagnosis post radiograph
aneurismal bone cyst
bone tumor, hyperemic lesion periosteum balloon, codmans triangle
osteoid osteoma
bone tumor, sclerotic bone surrounds nidus, nocturnal pain out of proportion, alcohol worse, asprin better
osteosarcoma
bone tumor, most common, metastasizes to lungs, neoplasmic bone formation, complication of either Paget disease or radiation exposure, codemans triangle
chondrosarcoma
bone tumor, men 4th -6th decade, chondroblasts, neoplastic compressed inside bone, pancytopenia, metastasizes to lungs, trisomy 7
ewing sarcoma
bone tumor, stem cell, small blue cells, <20yo boys, metastasizes to lungs, brains, skull, chromosomes 11 and 22
giant cell tumor of bone
bone tumor, osteoclastic multinucleic cells, locally aggressive, diagnosed stromal cells, likes knee
multiple myeloma
bone tumor, plasma cells (B cells), cytokines –> osteoclast –> bone lytic lesions, a skull punched out lesions, pathological fx common, pancytopenia, poor prognosis (infection or kindney failure =death)
osteoporosis
Bone disease, decreased bone mass, brittle bones, secondary related to identifiable causes (immobilization, follow trauma, tumors, hormone disturbance, malabsorption of nutrients), vertebrae, femur, wrist common fx
osteopetrosis
Bone disease, increased bone mass, fracture easily, Pancytompenia (increased liver and spleen size), absence of marrow, failed osteoclast resorption “marble bones”
osteogenesis imperfecta
Bone disease, decreased connective tissue from type 1 pro collagen (COL1A1, COL1A2)
- mild, blue sclera, stature unaffected, multiple fx, fx decrease with age
- lethal, prenatal disease, still born, sclera blue
- most progressive, severe deformity, blue –> white sclera
- fractures decrease overtime, sclera white
osteomalacia
Bone disease, soft bones, adults, inadequate mineralization of bone, malabsorption of vit D and Phosphate
rickets
Bone disease, child, defective mineral of bone, cartilage of growth plates, bow legged, pigeon breast, decrease vit D and phosphate absorption
pagets disease
Bone disease, excessive bone resorption and formation, axial skeletal, osteoclast cell, abnormal lamellar bone (“jigsaw, mosiac, picture frame”), diagnose w/ increased alkaline serum phosphatase, lion face
polyarteritis nodosa
vascular disease, acute, necrotitizing vasculitis (medial muscle and adjecent tissue fuse into clot, inflam. process follows), cause aneurysms, usually fatal, associated with P. ANCA
sickle cell anemia
vascular disease, valine 6th position beta chain, anemic, autosplenectomy –> Juandice & Bile pigment stones, sickle crisis –> decrease O2 environment, pulmonary edema (killer of repeat sickle crisis’)
cellulitis
leads to necrotizing fasciitis, inflammation of deep dermis, subcutaneous, fat.
nocardiosis
pulmonary, cutaneous infection
actinomyeosis
“sulfur” granules, spreads through barriers, requires trauma
MRSA
SCCmec gene –> mecA gene
necrotizing fasciitis
filaminant distruction of tissues, signs of toxicity
myonecrosis
“gas gangrene” infection of muscle smells
pyomyositis
purulent infection of skeletal muscle
osteomyelitis
bacterial bone infections. kids –> hematogenous
contiguous: polymicrobial. “sharp turn in vessel”
bacillary angiomatosis
cutaneous, subcutaneous vascular lesions that bleed during trauma
myositis
autoimmune disease, inflammation myopathy, anti Jo-1 andtibody, type 4 CD8 T cells release perforin and cytokines
polymyositis
autoimmune disease, muscle weakness, no rash, type 4 CD8 T cells release perforin and cytokines
dermatomyositis
autoimmune disease, muscle weakness, rash, type 3, immune complexes deposits and fix complement
Rheumatoid arthritis
autoimmune disease (systemic), chronic inflammatory disorder, RF factor and ACPA, auto reactive T cells, targets synovial linings of joints and cartilage of bones
juvinille arthritis
autoimmune disease, TH1 mediated inflammation, chronic arthritis before 16 yo, has RF.
once activated CD4+ can mature into 5 functionally different T cells
- TFH - provide help to B cells (IgG and IgA)
- TH1 - provides help to CD8 Tcells
- TH2 - provide help to IgE B cells
- TH17 - induce inflammation
- TREG - regulate other lymphocytes
ankylosing spondylitis
type of spondyloarthropathy (inflammation of attachments of tendons and ligaments to bones), parallels frequency of HLA B27 populations
Reactive arthritis
type of spondyloarthropathy (inflammation of attachments of tendons and ligaments to bones), follows infection by Chlamydia, or by gut infection
Psoriatic arthritis
type of spondyloarthropathy (inflammation of attachments of tendons and ligaments to bones), occurs in about 10% of people with psoriasis, maybe due to faulty immunoregulations
enteropathic arthritis
type of spondyloarthropathy (inflammation of attachments of tendons and ligaments to bones), inflammatory bowel syndrome (autoimmune response to normal gut flora)
Malignant fibrous histiocytoma
soft tissue tumor, foci of macrophage differentiation, most common sarcoma encountered after radiation therapy, whorled or storiform pattern, 50% local recurrence post surgery, metastasizes to lungs
ground substance is made of…
glycoproteins and polysaccharides
