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anatomy of thigh > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

benign nodular fasciitis

A

soft tissue tumor, trauma, increased mitotic activity, hypercell “sarcoma”, superficial tissue, surgical excision

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2
Q

benign fibromatosis

A

soft tissue tumor, slow growing, locally aggressive, recur post resection, repeated trauma

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3
Q

palmar fibromatosis

A

soft tissue tumor, 4th and 5th digit - dupyten contracture (most common), 50% bilateral

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4
Q

plantar fibromatosis

A

soft tissue tumor, plantar aponeurosis (2nd most common)

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5
Q

penile fibromatosis

A

soft tissue tumor, curves towards affected side (least common)

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6
Q

fibroma

A

soft tissue tumor, ovaries, fibroblasts, firm & encapsulated

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7
Q

fibrosarcoma

A

soft tissue tumor, herring bone, fibroblasts, malignant, knees, hemorrhage & necrosis

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8
Q

mal fibrous histocytoma

A

soft tissue tumor, after radiation therapy, will metastasize to the lungs

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9
Q

lipoma

A

soft tissue tumor, most common, encapsulationed, angiolipoma (vascular proliferation)

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10
Q

liposarcoma

A

soft tissue tumor, slow growing, wraps around aorta, mxyoid (12&16 chromosome translocation). most common deep thigh and retroperitoneum

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11
Q

rhabdomyosarcoma

A

soft tissue tumor, most common in kids, primative mesenchyme

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12
Q

embryonal (rhabdomyosarcoma)

A

soft tissue tumor, kids 3-12, retroperitineum, striations, characteristics of rhabdomyoblast

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13
Q

sarcoma botryoides (rhabdomyosarcoma)

A

soft tissue tumor, girls <4yo, vagina and bladder, grape like tumor mass

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14
Q

alveolar (rhabdomyosarcoma)

A

soft tissue tumor, 10-25 yo, club shaped tumor cells, 1:13, 2:13 translocation

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15
Q

pleomorphic (rhabdomyosarcoma)

A

soft tissue tumor, least common, worst one, found in elderly, no striations, multinucleated giant cells

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16
Q

synovial sarcoma

A

soft tissue tumor, femur, painful and tender mass, multi lobular mass well circumsized, X:18 metastasize to lungs

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17
Q

leiomyoma

A

soft tissue tumor, beninge, smooth muscle uterus! painful yellow firm nodules

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18
Q

leiomyosarcoma

A

soft tissue tumor, larger and softer than leiomyoma, increased mitotic activity, grossly well circumsized, hemorrhage and necrosis, cigar shaped nuclei

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19
Q

hemangioma

A

soft tissue tumor, vascular channels, no neoplasm, collection of normal tissue

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20
Q

capillary (hemangioma)

A

soft tissue tumor, bright red and blue b/c vascular proliferation, cosmetic disfiguration

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21
Q

juvenile (hemangioma)

A

soft tissue tumor, “strawberry”, grow rapidly then regress

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22
Q

cavernous (hemangioma)

A

soft tissue tumor, large vascular channels does not regress

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23
Q

angiosarcoma

A

soft tissue tumor, highly malignant, endothelial cells, 1/2 Pts die, (arsenic, vinyl chloride associations)

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24
Q

kaposi sarcoma

A

soft tissue tumor, angiosarcoma, painful purple brown nodule, endothelial cells, AIDS, HHV-8, rare death

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25
Q

non ossifying fibroma

A

bone tumor, metaphysis of Long bones, fibro cartilage defect, “soap bubble”

26
Q

solitary bone cyst

A

bone tumor, fluid filled lesion, trauma, causes bone reabsorption for growth, careful not osteosarcoma, pathologic fx diagnosis post radiograph

27
Q

aneurismal bone cyst

A

bone tumor, hyperemic lesion periosteum balloon, codmans triangle

28
Q

osteoid osteoma

A

bone tumor, sclerotic bone surrounds nidus, nocturnal pain out of proportion, alcohol worse, asprin better

29
Q

osteosarcoma

A

bone tumor, most common, metastasizes to lungs, neoplasmic bone formation, complication of either Paget disease or radiation exposure, codemans triangle

30
Q

chondrosarcoma

A

bone tumor, men 4th -6th decade, chondroblasts, neoplastic compressed inside bone, pancytopenia, metastasizes to lungs, trisomy 7

31
Q

ewing sarcoma

A

bone tumor, stem cell, small blue cells, <20yo boys, metastasizes to lungs, brains, skull, chromosomes 11 and 22

32
Q

giant cell tumor of bone

A

bone tumor, osteoclastic multinucleic cells, locally aggressive, diagnosed stromal cells, likes knee

33
Q

multiple myeloma

A

bone tumor, plasma cells (B cells), cytokines –> osteoclast –> bone lytic lesions, a skull punched out lesions, pathological fx common, pancytopenia, poor prognosis (infection or kindney failure =death)

34
Q

osteoporosis

A

Bone disease, decreased bone mass, brittle bones, secondary related to identifiable causes (immobilization, follow trauma, tumors, hormone disturbance, malabsorption of nutrients), vertebrae, femur, wrist common fx

35
Q

osteopetrosis

A

Bone disease, increased bone mass, fracture easily, Pancytompenia (increased liver and spleen size), absence of marrow, failed osteoclast resorption “marble bones”

36
Q

osteogenesis imperfecta

A

Bone disease, decreased connective tissue from type 1 pro collagen (COL1A1, COL1A2)

  1. mild, blue sclera, stature unaffected, multiple fx, fx decrease with age
  2. lethal, prenatal disease, still born, sclera blue
  3. most progressive, severe deformity, blue –> white sclera
  4. fractures decrease overtime, sclera white
37
Q

osteomalacia

A

Bone disease, soft bones, adults, inadequate mineralization of bone, malabsorption of vit D and Phosphate

38
Q

rickets

A

Bone disease, child, defective mineral of bone, cartilage of growth plates, bow legged, pigeon breast, decrease vit D and phosphate absorption

39
Q

pagets disease

A

Bone disease, excessive bone resorption and formation, axial skeletal, osteoclast cell, abnormal lamellar bone (“jigsaw, mosiac, picture frame”), diagnose w/ increased alkaline serum phosphatase, lion face

40
Q

polyarteritis nodosa

A

vascular disease, acute, necrotitizing vasculitis (medial muscle and adjecent tissue fuse into clot, inflam. process follows), cause aneurysms, usually fatal, associated with P. ANCA

41
Q

sickle cell anemia

A

vascular disease, valine 6th position beta chain, anemic, autosplenectomy –> Juandice & Bile pigment stones, sickle crisis –> decrease O2 environment, pulmonary edema (killer of repeat sickle crisis’)

42
Q

cellulitis

A

leads to necrotizing fasciitis, inflammation of deep dermis, subcutaneous, fat.

43
Q

nocardiosis

A

pulmonary, cutaneous infection

44
Q

actinomyeosis

A

“sulfur” granules, spreads through barriers, requires trauma

45
Q

MRSA

A

SCCmec gene –> mecA gene

46
Q

necrotizing fasciitis

A

filaminant distruction of tissues, signs of toxicity

47
Q

myonecrosis

A

“gas gangrene” infection of muscle smells

48
Q

pyomyositis

A

purulent infection of skeletal muscle

49
Q

osteomyelitis

A

bacterial bone infections. kids –> hematogenous

contiguous: polymicrobial. “sharp turn in vessel”

50
Q

bacillary angiomatosis

A

cutaneous, subcutaneous vascular lesions that bleed during trauma

51
Q

myositis

A

autoimmune disease, inflammation myopathy, anti Jo-1 andtibody, type 4 CD8 T cells release perforin and cytokines

52
Q

polymyositis

A

autoimmune disease, muscle weakness, no rash, type 4 CD8 T cells release perforin and cytokines

53
Q

dermatomyositis

A

autoimmune disease, muscle weakness, rash, type 3, immune complexes deposits and fix complement

54
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

autoimmune disease (systemic), chronic inflammatory disorder, RF factor and ACPA, auto reactive T cells, targets synovial linings of joints and cartilage of bones

55
Q

juvinille arthritis

A

autoimmune disease, TH1 mediated inflammation, chronic arthritis before 16 yo, has RF.

56
Q

once activated CD4+ can mature into 5 functionally different T cells

A
  1. TFH - provide help to B cells (IgG and IgA)
  2. TH1 - provides help to CD8 Tcells
  3. TH2 - provide help to IgE B cells
  4. TH17 - induce inflammation
  5. TREG - regulate other lymphocytes
57
Q

ankylosing spondylitis

A

type of spondyloarthropathy (inflammation of attachments of tendons and ligaments to bones), parallels frequency of HLA B27 populations

58
Q

Reactive arthritis

A

type of spondyloarthropathy (inflammation of attachments of tendons and ligaments to bones), follows infection by Chlamydia, or by gut infection

59
Q

Psoriatic arthritis

A

type of spondyloarthropathy (inflammation of attachments of tendons and ligaments to bones), occurs in about 10% of people with psoriasis, maybe due to faulty immunoregulations

60
Q

enteropathic arthritis

A

type of spondyloarthropathy (inflammation of attachments of tendons and ligaments to bones), inflammatory bowel syndrome (autoimmune response to normal gut flora)

61
Q

Malignant fibrous histiocytoma

A

soft tissue tumor, foci of macrophage differentiation, most common sarcoma encountered after radiation therapy, whorled or storiform pattern, 50% local recurrence post surgery, metastasizes to lungs

62
Q

ground substance is made of…

A

glycoproteins and polysaccharides

anatomy of thigh (2 decks)

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