Pathology

Question 1

benign nodular fasciitis

Answer 1

soft tissue tumor, trauma, increased mitotic activity, hypercell “sarcoma”, superficial tissue, surgical excision

Question 2

benign fibromatosis

Answer 2

soft tissue tumor, slow growing, locally aggressive, recur post resection, repeated trauma

Question 3

palmar fibromatosis

Answer 3

soft tissue tumor, 4th and 5th digit - dupyten contracture (most common), 50% bilateral

Question 4

plantar fibromatosis

Answer 4

soft tissue tumor, plantar aponeurosis (2nd most common)

Question 5

penile fibromatosis

Answer 5

soft tissue tumor, curves towards affected side (least common)

Question 6

fibroma

Answer 6

soft tissue tumor, ovaries, fibroblasts, firm & encapsulated

Question 7

fibrosarcoma

Answer 7

soft tissue tumor, herring bone, fibroblasts, malignant, knees, hemorrhage & necrosis

Question 8

mal fibrous histocytoma

Answer 8

soft tissue tumor, after radiation therapy, will metastasize to the lungs

Question 9

lipoma

Answer 9

soft tissue tumor, most common, encapsulationed, angiolipoma (vascular proliferation)

Question 10

liposarcoma

Answer 10

soft tissue tumor, slow growing, wraps around aorta, mxyoid (12&16 chromosome translocation). most common deep thigh and retroperitoneum

Question 11

rhabdomyosarcoma

Answer 11

soft tissue tumor, most common in kids, primative mesenchyme

Question 12

embryonal (rhabdomyosarcoma)

Answer 12

soft tissue tumor, kids 3-12, retroperitineum, striations, characteristics of rhabdomyoblast

Question 13

sarcoma botryoides (rhabdomyosarcoma)

Answer 13

soft tissue tumor, girls <4yo, vagina and bladder, grape like tumor mass

Question 14

alveolar (rhabdomyosarcoma)

Answer 14

soft tissue tumor, 10-25 yo, club shaped tumor cells, 1:13, 2:13 translocation

Question 15

pleomorphic (rhabdomyosarcoma)

Answer 15

soft tissue tumor, least common, worst one, found in elderly, no striations, multinucleated giant cells

Question 16

synovial sarcoma

Answer 16

soft tissue tumor, femur, painful and tender mass, multi lobular mass well circumsized, X:18 metastasize to lungs

Question 17

leiomyoma

Answer 17

soft tissue tumor, beninge, smooth muscle uterus! painful yellow firm nodules

Question 18

leiomyosarcoma

Answer 18

soft tissue tumor, larger and softer than leiomyoma, increased mitotic activity, grossly well circumsized, hemorrhage and necrosis, cigar shaped nuclei

Question 19

hemangioma

Answer 19

soft tissue tumor, vascular channels, no neoplasm, collection of normal tissue

Question 20

capillary (hemangioma)

Answer 20

soft tissue tumor, bright red and blue b/c vascular proliferation, cosmetic disfiguration

Question 21

juvenile (hemangioma)

Answer 21

soft tissue tumor, “strawberry”, grow rapidly then regress

Question 22

cavernous (hemangioma)

Answer 22

soft tissue tumor, large vascular channels does not regress

Question 23

angiosarcoma

Answer 23

soft tissue tumor, highly malignant, endothelial cells, 1/2 Pts die, (arsenic, vinyl chloride associations)

Question 24

kaposi sarcoma

Answer 24

soft tissue tumor, angiosarcoma, painful purple brown nodule, endothelial cells, AIDS, HHV-8, rare death

Question 25

non ossifying fibroma

Answer 25

bone tumor, metaphysis of Long bones, fibro cartilage defect, "soap bubble"

Question 26

solitary bone cyst

Answer 26

bone tumor, fluid filled lesion, trauma, causes bone reabsorption for growth, careful not osteosarcoma, pathologic fx diagnosis post radiograph

Question 27

aneurismal bone cyst

Answer 27

bone tumor, hyperemic lesion periosteum balloon, codmans triangle

Question 28

osteoid osteoma

Answer 28

bone tumor, sclerotic bone surrounds nidus, nocturnal pain out of proportion, alcohol worse, asprin better

Question 29

osteosarcoma

Answer 29

bone tumor, most common, metastasizes to lungs, neoplasmic bone formation, complication of either Paget disease or radiation exposure, codemans triangle

Question 30

chondrosarcoma

Answer 30

bone tumor, men 4th -6th decade, chondroblasts, neoplastic compressed inside bone, pancytopenia, metastasizes to lungs, trisomy 7

Question 31

ewing sarcoma

Answer 31

bone tumor, stem cell, small blue cells, <20yo boys, metastasizes to lungs, brains, skull, chromosomes 11 and 22

Question 32

giant cell tumor of bone

Answer 32

bone tumor, osteoclastic multinucleic cells, locally aggressive, diagnosed stromal cells, likes knee

Question 33

multiple myeloma

Answer 33

bone tumor, plasma cells (B cells), cytokines --> osteoclast --> bone lytic lesions, a skull punched out lesions, pathological fx common, pancytopenia, poor prognosis (infection or kindney failure =death)

Question 34

osteoporosis

Answer 34

Bone disease, decreased bone mass, brittle bones, secondary related to identifiable causes (immobilization, follow trauma, tumors, hormone disturbance, malabsorption of nutrients), vertebrae, femur, wrist common fx

Question 35

osteopetrosis

Answer 35

Bone disease, increased bone mass, fracture easily, Pancytompenia (increased liver and spleen size), absence of marrow, failed osteoclast resorption "marble bones"

Question 36

osteogenesis imperfecta

Answer 36

Bone disease, decreased connective tissue from type 1 pro collagen (COL1A1, COL1A2) 1. mild, blue sclera, stature unaffected, multiple fx, fx decrease with age 2. lethal, prenatal disease, still born, sclera blue 3. most progressive, severe deformity, blue --> white sclera 4. fractures decrease overtime, sclera white

Question 37

osteomalacia

Answer 37

Bone disease, soft bones, adults, inadequate mineralization of bone, malabsorption of vit D and Phosphate

Question 38

rickets

Answer 38

Bone disease, child, defective mineral of bone, cartilage of growth plates, bow legged, pigeon breast, decrease vit D and phosphate absorption

Question 39

pagets disease

Answer 39

Bone disease, excessive bone resorption and formation, axial skeletal, osteoclast cell, abnormal lamellar bone ("jigsaw, mosiac, picture frame"), diagnose w/ increased alkaline serum phosphatase, lion face

Question 40

polyarteritis nodosa

Answer 40

vascular disease, acute, necrotitizing vasculitis (medial muscle and adjecent tissue fuse into clot, inflam. process follows), cause aneurysms, usually fatal, associated with P. ANCA

Question 41

sickle cell anemia

Answer 41

vascular disease, valine 6th position beta chain, anemic, autosplenectomy --> Juandice & Bile pigment stones, sickle crisis --> decrease O2 environment, pulmonary edema (killer of repeat sickle crisis')

Question 42

cellulitis

Answer 42

leads to necrotizing fasciitis, inflammation of deep dermis, subcutaneous, fat.

Question 43

nocardiosis

Answer 43

pulmonary, cutaneous infection

Question 44

actinomyeosis

Answer 44

"sulfur" granules, spreads through barriers, requires trauma

Question 45

MRSA

Answer 45

SCCmec gene --> mecA gene

Question 46

necrotizing fasciitis

Answer 46

filaminant distruction of tissues, signs of toxicity

Question 47

myonecrosis

Answer 47

"gas gangrene" infection of muscle smells

Question 48

pyomyositis

Answer 48

purulent infection of skeletal muscle

Question 49

osteomyelitis

Answer 49

bacterial bone infections. kids --> hematogenous | contiguous: polymicrobial. "sharp turn in vessel"

Question 50

bacillary angiomatosis

Answer 50

cutaneous, subcutaneous vascular lesions that bleed during trauma

Question 51

myositis

Answer 51

autoimmune disease, inflammation myopathy, anti Jo-1 andtibody, type 4 CD8 T cells release perforin and cytokines

Question 52

polymyositis

Answer 52

autoimmune disease, muscle weakness, no rash, type 4 CD8 T cells release perforin and cytokines

Question 53

dermatomyositis

Answer 53

autoimmune disease, muscle weakness, rash, type 3, immune complexes deposits and fix complement

Question 54

Rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 54

autoimmune disease (systemic), chronic inflammatory disorder, RF factor and ACPA, auto reactive T cells, targets synovial linings of joints and cartilage of bones

Question 55

juvinille arthritis

Answer 55

autoimmune disease, TH1 mediated inflammation, chronic arthritis before 16 yo, has RF.

Question 56

once activated CD4+ can mature into 5 functionally different T cells

Answer 56

1. TFH - provide help to B cells (IgG and IgA) 2. TH1 - provides help to CD8 Tcells 3. TH2 - provide help to IgE B cells 4. TH17 - induce inflammation 5. TREG - regulate other lymphocytes

Question 57

ankylosing spondylitis

Answer 57

type of spondyloarthropathy (inflammation of attachments of tendons and ligaments to bones), parallels frequency of HLA B27 populations

Question 58

Reactive arthritis

Answer 58

type of spondyloarthropathy (inflammation of attachments of tendons and ligaments to bones), follows infection by Chlamydia, or by gut infection

Question 59

Psoriatic arthritis

Answer 59

type of spondyloarthropathy (inflammation of attachments of tendons and ligaments to bones), occurs in about 10% of people with psoriasis, maybe due to faulty immunoregulations

Question 60

enteropathic arthritis

Answer 60

type of spondyloarthropathy (inflammation of attachments of tendons and ligaments to bones), inflammatory bowel syndrome (autoimmune response to normal gut flora)

Question 61

Malignant fibrous histiocytoma

Answer 61

soft tissue tumor, foci of macrophage differentiation, most common sarcoma encountered after radiation therapy, whorled or storiform pattern, 50% local recurrence post surgery, metastasizes to lungs

Question 62

ground substance is made of...

Answer 62

glycoproteins and polysaccharides