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INICET > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Marker for endothelial cells

A

CD 31

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2
Q

Vasular events in inflammation

A
  1. Transient vasoconstriction
  2. Vasodilation
  3. Increased vascular permeability
  4. Stasis
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3
Q

Cellular events in inflammation

A
  1. Margination/ pavementing
  2. Rolling
  3. Adhesion
  4. Transmigration
  5. Chemotaxis
  6. Opsonisation
  7. Phagocytosis
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4
Q

Cellular events in inflammation

A
  1. Margination/ pavementing
  2. Rolling
  3. Adhesion
  4. Transmigration
  5. Chemotaxis
  6. Opsonisation
  7. Phagocytosis
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5
Q

Negative acute phase reactants

A

Transcortin
Transferrin
Albumin

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6
Q

Most radio sensitive phase of cell cycle

A

G2M phase

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7
Q

Most radioresistant phase of cell cycle

A

S phase

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8
Q

Most radiosensitive cell

A

Lymphocyte

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9
Q

Most radio resistant cell

A

Platelet

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10
Q

Most radiosensitive tumor

A

Ewings sarcome

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11
Q

Fentons reaction

A

Fe2+ involved in free radical production

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12
Q

Mutation of superoxide dismutase -1

A

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

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13
Q

Phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies

A

Effrocytosis

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14
Q

Examples of necroptosis

A

Pancreatitis
Acute steatohepatitis
Neurodegenerative disorders

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15
Q

PAS positive substances

A

Glycogen
Fungi
Basement membrane
Lymphoblasts

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16
Q

Most common cause of spherocytosis

A

Autoimmune hemolytic anaemia

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17
Q

Confirmatory test for hereditary spherocytosis

A

Ema binding tests by flow cytometry

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18
Q

Ballerina skirt appearance seen in

A

Lymphocyte in infectious mononucleosis

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19
Q

Chemotherapy for ALL

A

V- Vincristine
A- Asparginase
P- Prednisolone
D- Doxorubicin/ Daunorubicin

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20
Q

Treatment of AML M3

A

All trans retinoic acid
Arsenic trioxide

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21
Q

Onion skin appearances

A

Malignant hypertension - biopsy
• CIDP - nerve biopsy
• Primary sclerosing cholangitis -
biopsy
• SLE, spleen - gross
• Ewing’s sarcoma - X ray
• Tay sach’s disease - EM

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22
Q

Leutic aneurysm

A

Syphilitic aneurysm seen in tertiary syphilis affecting ascending aorta and vasa vasorum

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23
Q

Classification for aortic dissection

A

De Bakeys classification
Stanford classification

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24
Q

Classification for vasculitis

A

Modified chapel hill classification

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25
Q

Stain for elastin

A

Verhoeff van Gieson stain

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26
Q

Giant cell arteritis is associated with

A

Polymyalgia rheumatica

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27
Q

PAN is associated with

A

Mononeuritis multiplex

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28
Q

Anti- endothelial antibodies is seen in

A

Kawasaki disease

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29
Q

Triad of behcet’s disease

A

Oral ulcers
Genital ulcers
Uveitis

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30
Q

Microscopy of kaposi’s sarcoma

A

Proliferation of plump spindle cells with slit like vascular spaces

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31
Q

Microscopy of kaposi’s sarcoma

A

Proliferation of plump spindle cells with slit like vascular spaces

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32
Q

Pathergy test

A

Non specific skin inflammatory reaction intradermal saline injection. Postive in Behcet disease

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33
Q

Mediators involved in rolling and it’s types

A

Selectins- L,P,E

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34
Q

Distribution and ligands of selectins

A

L selectin- leucocyte- GlyCAM 1, MadCAM-1, CD34
E selectin- endothelium
P selectin- platelet, endothelium- sialyl lewis X modified glycoprotein, leucocytes

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35
Q

Adhesion is mediated by

A

Integrins- beta 1 to VCAM 1
Beta 2 to ICAM 1

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36
Q

Mediators for chemotaxis

A

Exogenous- bacterial cell wall products like N formyl methionine
Endogenous- LTB4, IL8, C5a

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37
Q

Opsonins

A

CSF
C3b, C4b, C5b
Serum proteins like fibrinogen, CRP
Fc fragment of IgG

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38
Q

Amino acid responsible for production of NETs

A

Arginine

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39
Q

Macrophages in different locations

A

Liver- kupffer cells
Placenta- Hofbauer cell
Kidney - mesangial cell
Brain- microgila
Spleen- Littoral cell
Lung- PAM/dust cell
Bone- Osteoclast
Lymph node- Sinus histiocyte

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40
Q

Granuloma is which hypersensitivity reaction

A

Type 4

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41
Q

Microscopy of Sarcoidosis

A

Asteroid body- inclusions in giant cell
Shawman body- Composed of calcium

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42
Q

Stages if tissue repair

A

Hemostasis
Inflammation
Proliferation
Remodeling

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43
Q

Most common testicular tumor in infants

A

Pre pubertal yolk sac tumor

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44
Q

Examples for stable cells

A

Liver parenchymal cells
PCT/DCT
Osteoblasts

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45
Q

Gamma gandy bodies

A

Made of calcification, hemosiderin, fibrosis. Seen in spleen in chronic venous congestion

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46
Q

Lines of Zahn

A

Seen in thrombi, alternating dark (RBC) and light (platelets and fibrin) areas

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47
Q

Saddle embolus

A

Embolism at bifurcation of pulmonary vasculature

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48
Q

2 malignancies that do not metastatise

A

Basal cell carcinoma
Glioma

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49
Q

Sarcomas that metastatise through lymphatics

A

Synovial sarcoma
Rhabdomyosarcoma

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50
Q

Carcinoma that metastatise through hematogenous route

A

Papillary Ca of thyroid
Choriocarcinoma
RCC
HCC

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51
Q

Normal ratio of kappa to lamba light chains

52
Q

Tumor markers of multiple myeloma

A

CD56, CD38, CD138, syndecan-1

53
Q

Reid index

A

Ratio of thickness of submucosal layer to bronchia wall. Normal value is 0.4

54
Q

Struma ovarii

A

Thyroid tissue in ovary

55
Q

Cyclin ass with mantle cell lymphoma

56
Q

Cyclin ass with breast cancer

57
Q

Organs most resistant to radiation

A

Bones, GIT

58
Q

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons cause which cancer

A

Lung cancer

59
Q

Arsenic cause which cancer

A

Skin cancer
Hepatic angiosarcoma

60
Q

Asbestos cause which cancer

A

Lung adenocarcinoma
Malignant meaothelioma- most specific

61
Q

Aflatoxin cause which cancer

62
Q

Beta naphthylamine or Azo dye cause which cancer

A

Bladder cancer

63
Q

Benzene cause which cancer

A

Leukemia, AML

64
Q

Diethylstilbestrol cause which cancer

A

Clear cell carcinoma ovary, cervix

65
Q

PVC cause which cancer

A

Hepatic angiosarcoma

66
Q

Cadmium cause which cancer

A

Prostate cancer

67
Q

Schistosoma hematobium cause which cancer

A

Squamous cell carcinoma of bladder

68
Q

Mechanism of carcinogenesis

A

. Self sufficiency in growth signals.
a. Insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals.
3. Limitless replicative potential.
4. Evasion of apoptosis.
S. Sustained angiogenesis.
6. Altered cellular metabolism.
7. Invasion
metastasis.
8. Escape of immune recognition.

69
Q

Growth factors and cancers

A

Hepatocyte GF- HCC
PDGF- Astrocytoma

70
Q

GF receptors and cancers

A

ALK gene- ALCL, Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor, Adenocarcinoma of lung
C- kit- GIST, seminoma
RET on chr 10- medullary CA of thyroid, MEN 2 syndrome

71
Q

IHC marker for hepatic cell

A

Hep par 1, arginase 3, AFP

72
Q

Fixatives used for biopsy samples

A

10% neutral buggered formalin - histopathology
2.5% glutaraldehyde- electron microscopy
Bouin’s fluid- Testicular biopsy

73
Q

IHC marker for GIST

A

DOG1, CD117, CD34

74
Q

IHC marker for malignant mesothelioma

A

Calretinin, CK5/6

75
Q

IHC marker for ewings sarcoma

A

CD 99, MIC 2

76
Q

Marker for Osteosarcoma

A

Osteoponton, osteonectin, osteocalcin

77
Q

CEA and CA19-9 are markers for

A

Colon cancer, pancratic cancer

78
Q

Tumor markers for breast cancer

79
Q

CA 7+, CA20+ in

A

Stomach Ca
Pancreatic Ca
Bladder Ca

80
Q

CA 7-, CA 20- in

81
Q

CA 7+, CA 20- in

A

Cancers of female genital track, cervix, endometrium, breast, lung, thyroid

82
Q

CA 7-, CA 20+

A

Colon cancer

83
Q

What is pleiotropism

A

Single mutant gene produces multiple effects

84
Q

What is anticipation

A

Severity of disease increases with each successive generation

85
Q

Types of non mendelian genetic defects

A

Trinucleotide repeat mutations
Mitochondrial inheritance
Genomic imprinting
Mosaicism

86
Q

Properties of autosomal dominant disorders

A

Incomplete penetrance
Variable expressivity

87
Q

Autosomal dominant disorders

A

He Has A Very DOMINANT Father
Huntingtons disease
Hereditary spherocytosis
Achondroplasia
Von willebrand dx
Von Hippel Lindau Syndrome
Dystrophia myotonica
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Marfans syndrome
Intermittent porphyria
NF-1
AD PCKD
NF-1
Tuberous sclerosis
Familial hypercholestrolemia
FAP

88
Q

Genetic abnormality in marfans

A

Fibrillin 1 gene in chr 15

89
Q

Biopsy of vessel in marfans

A

Cystic medial degeneration

90
Q

Diagnostic criteria for marfans

A

Revised Ghent’s criteria:
Family history
Clinical signs and symptoms
Fibrillin 1 gene defect analysis

91
Q

Autosomal recessive disorders

A

ABCDEFGHI
Ataxia
Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency
Alkaptonuria
Beta thalassemia
Cystic fibrosis
CAH
Deafness
Emphysema
Friedrich’s ataxia
Gauchers dx
Glycogen storage disorders
Hemochromatosis
Homocystinuria
Inborn errors of metabolism

92
Q

X linked recessive disorders

A

Lady Hardinge Clg Girls Don’t Care About Foolish Words
Lesch nyhan syndrome
Hemophilia A and B
Hunters dx
Color blindness
G6PD deficiency
DMD
Chronic granulomatous dx
Agammaglobulinemia (Bruton’s)
Fabrys dx
Fragile X syndrome
Wiscott Aldrich syndrome

93
Q

X linked dominant disorders

A

RAVI
Rett syndrome
Alport syndrome
Vitamin D resistant rickets
Incontinentia pigmenti

94
Q

Heteroplasmy

A

Mixture of both normal and mutant mitochondrial DNA in same cell

95
Q

Organs most frequently affected in mitochondrial inheritance

A

CNS
Eye
Skeletal

96
Q

Diseases with trinucleotide repeat mutations

A

Coding region:
Huntingtons chorea and spinocerebellar ataxia- CAG

Non coding region:
Myotonic dystrophy - CTG
Friedrich’s ataxia- GAA
Fragile X syndrome- CGG

97
Q

Anticipation is also called

A

Sherman’s paradox

98
Q

Fragile X syndrome

A

Mutation in Familial mental retardation -1 gene
Clinical manifestations:
Large everted ears
Long face
Large jaw
Macroorchidism
Mental retardation

99
Q

Gonadal mosaicism examples

A

Tuberous sclerosis
Osteogenesis imperfecta

100
Q

Nooan syndrome mutation

A

Chromosome 12 mutation, clinical features similar to turners syndrome

101
Q

Shortest chromosome

A

Chromosome 21

102
Q

Banding/stain used in karyotyping

A

Geimsa/ G banding
Quinacrine/ Q banding

103
Q

Fixative for karyotyping

A

Carnoy’s fixative

104
Q

Type 1 HS examples

A

ABCD
Atopy - chr 5
Allergy/anaphylaxis
Bronchial asthma
Casonis test for hydatid cysts
Drug allergy immediate
PK reaction, theobald smith phenomenon

105
Q

Type 2 HS

A

My Blood Group Is RH Positive
Myasthenia gravis
Blood transfusion reactions
Graves disease
Goodpasture syndrome
ITP, Immune hemolytic anemias
Rh incompatibility, Rheumatic fever
Hyperacute graft rejection
Pernicious anemia
Pemphigus vulgaris

106
Q

Type 3 HS

A

SHARP
SLE
Serum sickness
Shick test
HSP
Arthus reaction
Reactive arthritis
PAN, PSGN

107
Q

Gene for MHC located on

108
Q

Loci of MHC 1

109
Q

Loci of MHC II

A

DP, DQ, DR

110
Q

MHC 3 encoded by

A

Heat shock proteins
Properidin
Complement protein

111
Q

HLA matching not required in

A

Cornea
Lungs

112
Q

Marker for acute humoral rejection

113
Q

Organs involved in GVHD

A

Skin
GIT
Liver

114
Q

Causes of pure red cell aplasia

A

Inherited- Diamond blackfan anemia
Aquired- Parvovirus B 19
Thymoma
CLL

115
Q

Bone marrow aspirate of Pure red cell aplasia

A

Dog ear like protrusions in erythroid precursors

116
Q

Burr cell/ Echinocyte is seen

A

Chronic renal failure
Uremua
Liver dx

117
Q

Spur cell/ Acanthocyte is seen in

A

Abetalipoproteinemia

118
Q

Target cell/ codocyte is seen in

A

Thalassemia
IDA
Liver dx

119
Q

Stages of IDA

A

1- decreased storage
2- iron deficient erythropoiesis
3- iron deficiency anemia

120
Q

Mentzer index

A

MCV/ RBC count

121
Q

Most sensitive test for IDA

A

STFRc/log ferritin

122
Q

Causes of sideroblastic anemia

A

Genetic- enzyme deficiency, C linked
Aquired- Alcohol, Vit B6 def, Anti- TB drugs( isoniazid)

123
Q

Pappenheimer bodies

A

Iron accumulation in RBCs

124
Q

Criteria for ringed sideroblasts

A

> /= 5 iron granules in perinuclear position + covering 1/3rd of nucleus

125
Q

Crisis in Hereditary spherocytosis

A

Aplastic crisis in Parvovirus B19 infection
Hemolytic crisis in EBV infection

INICET (17 decks)

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