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pathology Flashcards

1
Q

nephrology

A

branch of medicine involved in diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the kidney; physician is a nephrologist

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2
Q

urology

A

branch of medicine involved in diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the urinary system (and male reproductive system); physician is a urologist

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3
Q

anuria

A

condition of kidneys not producing urine, a complete lack of urine excretion

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4
Q

azotemia

A

accumulation of nitrogenous waste in bloodstream; occurs when either one or both of the kidneys fail to filter these wastes from the blood

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5
Q

bacteriuria

A

presence of bacteria in the urine

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6
Q

calculus

A

Stone formed within an organ by accumulation of mineral salts; found in kidneys, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, or urethra; plural is called calculi

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7
Q

cystalgia

A

bladder pain; especially used to indicate urinary bladder pain

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8
Q

cystorrhagia

A

abnormal bleeding from the urinary bladder

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9
Q

diuresis

A

increased formation and excretion of urine

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10
Q

dysuria

A

condition of difficult or painful urination

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11
Q

enuresis

A

involuntary discharge of urine after age by which bladder control should have been established; usually occurs by age 5; nocturnal enuresis refers to bed-wetting at night

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12
Q

frequency

A

greater than normal occurrence in urge to urinate, without increase in total daily volume of urine; frequency is indication of inflammation of bladder or urethra

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13
Q

glycosuria

A

Condition of sugar present in the urine

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14
Q

hematuria

A

condition of blood present in the urine

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15
Q

hesitancy

A

decrease in force of urine stream, often with difficulty initiating flow; often a symptom of blockage along the urethra, such as enlarged prostate gland

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16
Q

nephrolith

A

Kidney stone

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17
Q

nephromalacia

A

kidney is abnormally soft

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18
Q

nephromegaly

A

kidney is enlarged

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19
Q

nephrosclerosis

A

kidney tissue has become hardened

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20
Q

nocturia

A

condition of having to urinate frequently during the night

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21
Q

oliguria

A

condition of producing too little (scanty) urine

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22
Q

polyuria

A

condition of producing an unusually large volume of urine

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23
Q

proteinuria

A

Condition of protein present in urine

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24
Q

pyuria

A

condition of pus present in urine

25
renal colic
pain caused by kidney stone; can be excruciating pain and generally requires medical treatment
26
stricture
narrowing of passageway in the urinary system
27
uremia
condition of waste (especially nitrogenous waste like urea) accumulating in bloodstream; associated with renal failure
28
ureterectasis
ureter is stretched out or dilated
29
ureterolith
presence of stones in the ureter
30
ureterostenosis
ureter has become narrow
31
urethralgia
urethral pain
32
urethrorrhagia
abnormal bleeding from the urethra
33
urethrostenosis
urethra has become narrow
34
urgency
feeling need to urinate immediately
35
urinary incontinence
Involuntary release of urine; in some patients, indwelling catheter is inserted into the bladder for continuous urine drainage
36
urinary retention
inability to fully empty the bladder; often indicates blockage in the urethra
37
acute tubular necrosis
abnormal condition causing damage to and potential death of the renal tubules due to presence of toxins in urine or to ischemia; results in oliguria
38
diabetic nephropathy
kidney disease as a result of accumulation of damage to the glomerular capillaries due to chronic high blood sugars of diabetes mellitus
39
glomerulonephritis
inflammation of the kidney; inflamed glomerular membrane becomes more permeable and allows protein and blood cells to enter the filtrate; results in protein in urine and hematuria
40
hydronephrosis
abnormal condition of an enlarged renal pelvis, due to urine collecting in the kidney; often result of obstruction of a ureter
41
Nephritis
Kidney inflammation
42
Nephrolithiasis
condition of calculi present in the kidney; usually begins with solidification of salts present in urine
43
nephroma
Kidney tumor
44
nephropathy
General term describing presence of kidney disease
45
nephroptosis
downward displacement of the kidney out of its normal location; commonly called a floating kidney
46
nephrotic syndrome (NS)
damage to the glomerulus resulting in protein appearing in urine and corresponding decrease in protein in bloodstream; also called nephrosis
47
polycystic kidneys
formation of many cysts within kidney tissue; results in destruction of normal kidney tissue and uremia
48
pyelitis
renal pelvis inflammation
49
pyelonephritis
inflammation of the renal pelvis and the kidney; one of most common types of kidney disease; may be result of lower urinary tract infection that moved up to the kidney by way of the ureter; white blood cells, bacteria, and blood in urine are possible; can occur with an untreated or persistent case of cystitis
50
renal cell carcinoma
cancerous tumor that arises from kidney tubule cells
51
renal failure
inability of the kidneys to filter wastes from the blood; resulting in uremia; may be acute or chronic; major reason for patient being placed on dialysis
52
Wilms tumor (VILMZ)
malignant kidney tumor found most often in children; also called nephroblastoma
53
bladder cancer
cancerous tumor that arises from cells lining the bladder; major sign is hematuria
54
bladder neck obstruction (BNO)
blockage of the bladder outlet; often caused by enlarged prostate gland in males
55
Cystitis
bladder inflammation; particularly used to indicate urinary bladder inflammation
56
cystocele
protrusion (or herniation) of the (urinary) bladder into wall of the vagina
57
interstitial cystitis
disease of unknown cause in which there is inflammation and irritation of the bladder; most commonly seen in middle aged women
58
neurogenic bladder
loss of nervous control that produces retention of urine; may be caused by spinal cord injury or multiple sclerosis
59
urinary tract infection (UTI)
infection, usually from bacteria, of any organ of the urinary system; most often begins with cystitis and may ascend into ureters and kidneys; most common in woman because of shorter urethra

urinary system (6 decks)

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