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urinary system > pathology > Flashcards

pathology Flashcards

1
Q

nephrology

A

branch of medicine involved in diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the kidney; physician is a nephrologist

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2
Q

urology

A

branch of medicine involved in diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the urinary system (and male reproductive system); physician is a urologist

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3
Q

anuria

A

condition of kidneys not producing urine, a complete lack of urine excretion

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4
Q

azotemia

A

accumulation of nitrogenous waste in bloodstream; occurs when either one or both of the kidneys fail to filter these wastes from the blood

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5
Q

bacteriuria

A

presence of bacteria in the urine

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6
Q

calculus

A

Stone formed within an organ by accumulation of mineral salts; found in kidneys, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, or urethra; plural is called calculi

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7
Q

cystalgia

A

bladder pain; especially used to indicate urinary bladder pain

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8
Q

cystorrhagia

A

abnormal bleeding from the urinary bladder

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9
Q

diuresis

A

increased formation and excretion of urine

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10
Q

dysuria

A

condition of difficult or painful urination

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11
Q

enuresis

A

involuntary discharge of urine after age by which bladder control should have been established; usually occurs by age 5; nocturnal enuresis refers to bed-wetting at night

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12
Q

frequency

A

greater than normal occurrence in urge to urinate, without increase in total daily volume of urine; frequency is indication of inflammation of bladder or urethra

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13
Q

glycosuria

A

Condition of sugar present in the urine

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14
Q

hematuria

A

condition of blood present in the urine

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15
Q

hesitancy

A

decrease in force of urine stream, often with difficulty initiating flow; often a symptom of blockage along the urethra, such as enlarged prostate gland

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16
Q

nephrolith

A

Kidney stone

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17
Q

nephromalacia

A

kidney is abnormally soft

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18
Q

nephromegaly

A

kidney is enlarged

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19
Q

nephrosclerosis

A

kidney tissue has become hardened

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20
Q

nocturia

A

condition of having to urinate frequently during the night

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21
Q

oliguria

A

condition of producing too little (scanty) urine

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22
Q

polyuria

A

condition of producing an unusually large volume of urine

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23
Q

proteinuria

A

Condition of protein present in urine

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24
Q

pyuria

A

condition of pus present in urine

25
Q

renal colic

A

pain caused by kidney stone; can be excruciating pain and generally requires medical treatment

26
Q

stricture

A

narrowing of passageway in the urinary system

27
Q

uremia

A

condition of waste (especially nitrogenous waste like urea) accumulating in bloodstream; associated with renal failure

28
Q

ureterectasis

A

ureter is stretched out or dilated

29
Q

ureterolith

A

presence of stones in the ureter

30
Q

ureterostenosis

A

ureter has become narrow

31
Q

urethralgia

A

urethral pain

32
Q

urethrorrhagia

A

abnormal bleeding from the urethra

33
Q

urethrostenosis

A

urethra has become narrow

34
Q

urgency

A

feeling need to urinate immediately

35
Q

urinary incontinence

A

Involuntary release of urine; in some patients, indwelling catheter is inserted into the bladder for continuous urine drainage

36
Q

urinary retention

A

inability to fully empty the bladder; often indicates blockage in the urethra

37
Q

acute tubular necrosis

A

abnormal condition causing damage to and potential death of the renal tubules due to presence of toxins in urine or to ischemia; results in oliguria

38
Q

diabetic nephropathy

A

kidney disease as a result of accumulation of damage to the glomerular capillaries due to chronic high blood sugars of diabetes mellitus

39
Q

glomerulonephritis

A

inflammation of the kidney; inflamed glomerular membrane becomes more permeable and allows protein and blood cells to enter the filtrate; results in protein in urine and hematuria

40
Q

hydronephrosis

A

abnormal condition of an enlarged renal pelvis, due to urine collecting in the kidney; often result of obstruction of a ureter

41
Q

Nephritis

A

Kidney inflammation

42
Q

Nephrolithiasis

A

condition of calculi present in the kidney; usually begins with solidification of salts present in urine

43
Q

nephroma

A

Kidney tumor

44
Q

nephropathy

A

General term describing presence of kidney disease

45
Q

nephroptosis

A

downward displacement of the kidney out of its normal location; commonly called a floating kidney

46
Q

nephrotic syndrome (NS)

A

damage to the glomerulus resulting in protein appearing in urine and corresponding decrease in protein in bloodstream; also called nephrosis

47
Q

polycystic kidneys

A

formation of many cysts within kidney tissue; results in destruction of normal kidney tissue and uremia

48
Q

pyelitis

A

renal pelvis inflammation

49
Q

pyelonephritis

A

inflammation of the renal pelvis and the kidney; one of most common types of kidney disease; may be result of lower urinary tract infection that moved up to the kidney by way of the ureter; white blood cells, bacteria, and blood in urine are possible; can occur with an untreated or persistent case of cystitis

50
Q

renal cell carcinoma

A

cancerous tumor that arises from kidney tubule cells

51
Q

renal failure

A

inability of the kidneys to filter wastes from the blood; resulting in uremia; may be acute or chronic; major reason for patient being placed on dialysis

52
Q

Wilms tumor (VILMZ)

A

malignant kidney tumor found most often in children; also called nephroblastoma

53
Q

bladder cancer

A

cancerous tumor that arises from cells lining the bladder; major sign is hematuria

54
Q

bladder neck obstruction (BNO)

A

blockage of the bladder outlet; often caused by enlarged prostate gland in males

55
Q

Cystitis

A

bladder inflammation; particularly used to indicate urinary bladder inflammation

56
Q

cystocele

A

protrusion (or herniation) of the (urinary) bladder into wall of the vagina

57
Q

interstitial cystitis

A

disease of unknown cause in which there is inflammation and irritation of the bladder; most commonly seen in middle aged women

58
Q

neurogenic bladder

A

loss of nervous control that produces retention of urine; may be caused by spinal cord injury or multiple sclerosis

59
Q

urinary tract infection (UTI)

A

infection, usually from bacteria, of any organ of the urinary system; most often begins with cystitis and may ascend into ureters and kidneys; most common in woman because of shorter urethra

urinary system (6 decks)

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