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respiratory system > pathology > Flashcards

pathology Flashcards

1
Q

internal medicine

A

branch of medicine involving diagnosis and treatment of diseases and conditions of internal organs such as respiratory system; physician is internist

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2
Q

otorhinolarngology

A

branch of medicine involving diagnosis and treatment of conditions and diseases of ear, nose, and throat region; physician is otorhinolaryngologist (ENT); this medical specialty may also be referred to as otolaryngology

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3
Q

pulmonology

A

branch of medicine involved in diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of lungs and respiratory system; physician is pulmonologist

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4
Q

respiratory therapy (RT)

A

Allied health specialty that assist patients with respiratory and cardiopulmonary disorders; duties of respiratory therapist include conducting pulmonary function tests, monitoring oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in blood, administering breathing treatments, and ventilator management

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5
Q

thoracic surgery

A

branch of medicine involving diagnosis and treatment of conditions and diseases of respiratory system by chest surgery; physician is thoracic surgeon

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6
Q

anosmia

A

lack of sense of smell

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7
Q

anoxia

A

condition of receiving almost no oxygen from inhaled air

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8
Q

aphonia

A

condition of being unable to produce sounds (without voice)

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9
Q

apnea

A

not breathing

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10
Q

asphyxia

A

any condition that result in being unable to get oxygen into the lungs; can lead to unconsciousness and death if not corrected immediately; also called asphyxiation or suffocation; common causes include drowning, foreign body in respiratory tract, poisoning, and electric shock

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11
Q

aspiration

A

refers to using suction to draw fluid or gas from one area to another; there are two major uses of this term: (1) inhaling fluids or solids into airway and lungs, which may lead to choking, asphyxiation, or infection, and (2) withdrawing fluid from body cavity using long needle and syringe or using vacuum pump to remove phlegm from patient’s airway

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12
Q

bradypnea

A

breathing too slowly; low respiratory rate

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13
Q

bronchiectasis

A

dilated bronchus

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14
Q

Cheyne-Stokes respiration

A

abnormal breathing pattern in which there are long (10-60 seconds) of apnea followed by deeper, more rapid breathing

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15
Q

clubbing

A

abnormal widening and thickening of ends of fingers and toes associated with chronic oxygen deficiency; seen in patients with chronic respiratory conditions or circulatory problems

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16
Q

crackles

A

abnormal crackling or bubbling sound made during inspiration; heard in pneumonia and congestive heart failure; usually indicates presence of fluid or mucus in small airways; also called rales

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17
Q

cyanosis

A

abnormal condition of having bluish tint of skin that is receiving insufficient amount of oxygen or circulation

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18
Q

dysphonia

A

condition of having difficulty producing sounds or producing abnormal sounds

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19
Q

dyspnea

A

term describing difficult or labored breathing; also called shortness of breath (SOB)

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20
Q

epistaxis

A

nosebleed

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21
Q

eupnea

A

normal breathing and respiratory rate

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22
Q

hemoptysis

A

to cough up and spit out blood or blood stained sputum

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23
Q

hemothorax

A

presence of blood in chest cavity

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24
Q

hypercapnia

A

condition of having excessive carbon dioxide in body

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25
Q

hyperpnea

A

taking deep (excessive) breaths

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26
Q

hyperventilation

A

excessive breathing, both too fast and too deep

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27
Q

hypocapnia

A

insufficient level of carbon dioxide in body; very serious problem because it is presence of carbon dioxide that stimulates respiration, not absence of oxygen; therefore, person with low carbon dioxide levels would respond with increased respiratory rate

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28
Q

hypopnea

A

taking shallow breaths

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29
Q

hypoventilation

A

insufficient breathing, both too slow and too shallow

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30
Q

hypoxemia

A

Condition of having insufficient amount of oxygen in bloodstream

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31
Q

hypoxia

A

condition of receiving insufficient amount of oxygen from inhaled air

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32
Q

laryngoplegia

A

paralysis of muscles controlling larnyx

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33
Q

orthopnea

A

term describing dyspnea worsened by lying flat; patient feels able to breathe easier while sitting straight up; common occurrence in those with pulmonary disease

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34
Q

pansinusitis

A

inflammation of all paranasal sinuses

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35
Q

patent

A

Open or unblocked, such as patent airway

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36
Q

phlegm

A

thick mucus secreted by membranes lining respiratory tract; when phlegm is coughed through mouth, is called sputum; phlegm is examined for color, odor, and consistency and tested for presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi

37
Q

pleural friction rub

A

greeting sound made when two layers of pleura rub together during respiration; caused when one surface becomes thicker as a result of inflammation or other disease conditions; rub can be felt through fingertips when placed on chest wall or hurt through stethoscope

38
Q

pleurodynia

A

pleural pain

39
Q

pyothorax

A

presence of pus in chest cavity; indicates bacterial infection

40
Q

rhinitis

A

inflammation of nasal cavity

41
Q

rhinorrhagia

A

rapid abnormal flow of blood from nose

42
Q

rhinorrhea

A

discharge from nose; commonly called a runny nose

43
Q

rhonchi

A

Low pitched sound similar to snoring her during expiration, often heard an asthma or pneumonia; caused by spasms of bronchial tubes

44
Q

sputum

A

mucus or phlegm coughed up from lying of respiratory tract

45
Q

stridor

A

harsh, high-pitched, noisy breathing sound heard during inspiration when there is obstruction of bronchi or larynx; found in conditions such as croup or with inhalation of a foreign body

46
Q

tachypnea

A

breathing fast; high respiratory rate

47
Q

thoracalgia

A

chest pain; does not refer to angina pectoris

48
Q

tracheostenosis

A

narrowing of trachea

49
Q

wheeze

A

high-pitched, musical sound; more prominent with expiration than inspiration; commonly heard with asthma and chronic obstruction pulmonary disease

50
Q

croup

A

acute respiratory condition found in infants and children characterized by barking type of cough or stridor

51
Q

diphtheria

A

condition of bacterial upper respiratory infection characterized by formation of thick membranous film across throat and high mortality rate; rare now, due to childhood diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus (DPT) vaccines

52
Q

laryngitis

A

information of larynx

53
Q

nasopharyngitis

A

inflammation of nasal cavity and pharynx; commonly called common cold

54
Q

pertussis

A

infectious bacterial disease of upper respiratory system that children receive immunization against as part of their DPT shots; commonly called whooping cough, due to whoop sound made when coughing

55
Q

pharyngitis

A

inflammation of pharynx; commonly called a sore throat

56
Q

rhinomycosis

A

abnormal condition of fungal infection of nasal cavity

57
Q

asthma

A

disease caused by various conditions, like allergens, and resulting in restriction of bronchial airways, dyspnea, coughing, and wheezing; can cause violent spasms of bronchi (bronchospasms) but generally not like threatening condition; medication can be very effective

58
Q

bronchiectasis

A

abnormal dilation of bronchi; may be result of lung infection; condition may be irreversible and result in destruction of bronchial walls; major symptoms include coughing up large amount of purulent sputum, crackles, and hemopytsis

59
Q

bronchitis

A

inflammation of bronchus

60
Q

bronchogenic carcinoma

A

cancerous, tumor, or originating in cells lining the bronchi; usually associated with history of cigarette smoking

61
Q

bronchopneumonia

A

condition of inflammation of the lung’s smaller bronchial tubes with fluid collecting in the nearby alveoli

62
Q

adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

A

acute respiratory failure in adults, characterized by tachypnea, cyanosis, tachycardia, and hypoxemia; may follow trauma, pneumonia, or septic infections; also called acute respiratory distress syndrome

63
Q

antrhacosis

A

abnormal condition of pneumoconiosis that develops from collecting of coal dust in lung; also called black lung or miner’s lung

64
Q

asbestosis

A

abnormal condition of pneumoconiosis that develops from collection of asbestos fibers in lungs; may lead to development of lung cancer

65
Q

atelectasis

A

condition in which alveoli in a portion of the lung collapse, preventing respiratory exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide; can be caused by variety of conditions, including pressure on lung from tumor or other object; term also used to describe failure of newborn‘s lungs to expand

66
Q

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

A

Progressive, chronic, and usually irreversible group of conditions (often a combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema) in which lungs have diminished capacity for inhalation and exhalation; person may have dyspnea upon exertion and a cough

67
Q

coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

A

A highly infectious, potentially fatal respiratory infection; caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) symptoms include fever, coughing, loss of taste or smell, and dyspnea; may be mild to severe; series of effective vaccines are now available

68
Q

cystic fibrosis (CF)

A

abnormal hereditary condition causing exocrine glands to malfunction; patient produces very thick mucus that causes severe congestion within lungs, pancreas, and intestine; through more advanced treatment, many children are now living into adulthood with this disease

69
Q

emphysema

A

Pulmonary condition characterized by destruction of walls of alveoli, resulting in fewer, over expanded air sacs; can occur as a result of long-term heavy smoking; air pollution, also worsens disease; patient may not be able to breathe except in sitting or standing position

70
Q

hystoplasmosis

A

abnormal condition of pulmonary infection caused by fungus histoplasma capsulatum, found in dust and in droppings of pigeons and chickens

71
Q

infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)

A

Lung condition most commonly found in premature infants characterized by tachypnea and respiratory grunting; condition caused by lack of surfactant necessary to keep lungs inflated; also called hyaline membrane disease (HMD) and respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn

72
Q

influenza

A

viral infection of respiratory system, characterized by chills, fever, bodyaches, and fatigue; commonly called the flu

73
Q

legionnaire disease

A

severe, often fatal, bacterial infection, characterized by pneumonia and liver and kidney damage

74
Q

middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS)

A

Life-threatening viral respiratory illness first reported in Saudi Arabia in September 2012; caused by Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV); symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath

75
Q

mycoplasma pneumonia

A

Less severe but longer lasting form of pneumonia caused by mycoplasma pneumoniae bacteria; also called walking pneumonia

76
Q

pneumoconiosis

A

Abnormal condition resulting from inhalation into the lungs of environmental particles (dust) that become toxic; can be a result of inhaling coal dust or asbestos

77
Q

pneumonia

A

Inflammatory condition of lung that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and aspirated substances; results in filling of alveoli and air spaces with fluid

78
Q

pulmonary edema

A

condition in which lung tissue retains excessive amount of fluid, especially in alveoli; results in dyspnea

79
Q

pulmonary embolism (PE)

A

obstruction of pulmonary artery or one of its branches of embolus (a plug), often a blood clot broken away from another area of body; may cause infarct in lung tissue

80
Q

Pulmonary fibrosis

A

abnormal condition of formation of fibrosis scar tissue in lungs that leads to decreased ability to expand lungs; may be caused by infections, pneumoconiosis, autoimmune diseases, and toxin exposure

81
Q

severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)

A

acute viral respiratory infection that begins like flu, but quickly progresses to severe dyspnea; caused by SARS-associated coronavirus; high fatality rate in persons over age 65; first appeared in China in 2003

82
Q

silicosis

A

abnormal condition of pneumoconiosis that developed from inhalation of silica dust found in quarrying, glasswork, sandblasting, and ceramics

83
Q

sleep apnea

A

condition in which breathing stops repeatedly during sleep long enough to cause drop in oxygen levels in blood

84
Q

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

A

unexpected and unexplained death of apparently well infant under one year of age; child suddenly stops breathing for unknown reasons

85
Q

tuberculosis (TB)

A

Abnormal condition of infectious disease caused by bacteria mycobacterium tuberculosis; most commonly affects respiratory system and causes inflammation and calcification in lungs; tuberculosis incidence is on the increase and is seen in many patients with weakened immune systems; multidrug-resistant tuberculosis is a particularly dangerous form of the disease because some bacteria have developed resistance to standard drug therapy

86
Q

empyema

A

pus with pleural space usually associated with bacterial infection; also called pyothorax

87
Q

pleural effusion

A

abnormal accumulation of fluid in pleural cavity preventing lungs from fully expanding; physicians can detect presence of fluid by tapping chest or listening with a stethoscope

88
Q

pleurisy

A

inflammation of pleura characterize by sharp chest pain with each breath; also called pleuritis

89
Q

pneumothorax

A

Collection of air or gas pleural cavity in the chest, possibly resulting in collapse of lung

respiratory system (6 decks)

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