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pathology Flashcards

1
Q

internal medicine

A

branch of medicine involving diagnosis and treatment of diseases and conditions of internal organs such as respiratory system; physician is internist

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2
Q

otorhinolarngology

A

branch of medicine involving diagnosis and treatment of conditions and diseases of ear, nose, and throat region; physician is otorhinolaryngologist (ENT); this medical specialty may also be referred to as otolaryngology

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3
Q

pulmonology

A

branch of medicine involved in diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of lungs and respiratory system; physician is pulmonologist

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4
Q

respiratory therapy (RT)

A

Allied health specialty that assist patients with respiratory and cardiopulmonary disorders; duties of respiratory therapist include conducting pulmonary function tests, monitoring oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in blood, administering breathing treatments, and ventilator management

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5
Q

thoracic surgery

A

branch of medicine involving diagnosis and treatment of conditions and diseases of respiratory system by chest surgery; physician is thoracic surgeon

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6
Q

anosmia

A

lack of sense of smell

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7
Q

anoxia

A

condition of receiving almost no oxygen from inhaled air

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8
Q

aphonia

A

condition of being unable to produce sounds (without voice)

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9
Q

apnea

A

not breathing

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10
Q

asphyxia

A

any condition that result in being unable to get oxygen into the lungs; can lead to unconsciousness and death if not corrected immediately; also called asphyxiation or suffocation; common causes include drowning, foreign body in respiratory tract, poisoning, and electric shock

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11
Q

aspiration

A

refers to using suction to draw fluid or gas from one area to another; there are two major uses of this term: (1) inhaling fluids or solids into airway and lungs, which may lead to choking, asphyxiation, or infection, and (2) withdrawing fluid from body cavity using long needle and syringe or using vacuum pump to remove phlegm from patient’s airway

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12
Q

bradypnea

A

breathing too slowly; low respiratory rate

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13
Q

bronchiectasis

A

dilated bronchus

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14
Q

Cheyne-Stokes respiration

A

abnormal breathing pattern in which there are long (10-60 seconds) of apnea followed by deeper, more rapid breathing

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15
Q

clubbing

A

abnormal widening and thickening of ends of fingers and toes associated with chronic oxygen deficiency; seen in patients with chronic respiratory conditions or circulatory problems

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16
Q

crackles

A

abnormal crackling or bubbling sound made during inspiration; heard in pneumonia and congestive heart failure; usually indicates presence of fluid or mucus in small airways; also called rales

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17
Q

cyanosis

A

abnormal condition of having bluish tint of skin that is receiving insufficient amount of oxygen or circulation

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18
Q

dysphonia

A

condition of having difficulty producing sounds or producing abnormal sounds

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19
Q

dyspnea

A

term describing difficult or labored breathing; also called shortness of breath (SOB)

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20
Q

epistaxis

A

nosebleed

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21
Q

eupnea

A

normal breathing and respiratory rate

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22
Q

hemoptysis

A

to cough up and spit out blood or blood stained sputum

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23
Q

hemothorax

A

presence of blood in chest cavity

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24
Q

hypercapnia

A

condition of having excessive carbon dioxide in body

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25
hyperpnea
taking deep (excessive) breaths
26
hyperventilation
excessive breathing, both too fast and too deep
27
hypocapnia
insufficient level of carbon dioxide in body; very serious problem because it is presence of carbon dioxide that stimulates respiration, not absence of oxygen; therefore, person with low carbon dioxide levels would respond with increased respiratory rate
28
hypopnea
taking shallow breaths
29
hypoventilation
insufficient breathing, both too slow and too shallow
30
hypoxemia
Condition of having insufficient amount of oxygen in bloodstream
31
hypoxia
condition of receiving insufficient amount of oxygen from inhaled air
32
laryngoplegia
paralysis of muscles controlling larnyx
33
orthopnea
term describing dyspnea worsened by lying flat; patient feels able to breathe easier while sitting straight up; common occurrence in those with pulmonary disease
34
pansinusitis
inflammation of all paranasal sinuses
35
patent
Open or unblocked, such as patent airway
36
phlegm
thick mucus secreted by membranes lining respiratory tract; when phlegm is coughed through mouth, is called sputum; phlegm is examined for color, odor, and consistency and tested for presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi
37
pleural friction rub
greeting sound made when two layers of pleura rub together during respiration; caused when one surface becomes thicker as a result of inflammation or other disease conditions; rub can be felt through fingertips when placed on chest wall or hurt through stethoscope
38
pleurodynia
pleural pain
39
pyothorax
presence of pus in chest cavity; indicates bacterial infection
40
rhinitis
inflammation of nasal cavity
41
rhinorrhagia
rapid abnormal flow of blood from nose
42
rhinorrhea
discharge from nose; commonly called a runny nose
43
rhonchi
Low pitched sound similar to snoring her during expiration, often heard an asthma or pneumonia; caused by spasms of bronchial tubes
44
sputum
mucus or phlegm coughed up from lying of respiratory tract
45
stridor
harsh, high-pitched, noisy breathing sound heard during inspiration when there is obstruction of bronchi or larynx; found in conditions such as croup or with inhalation of a foreign body
46
tachypnea
breathing fast; high respiratory rate
47
thoracalgia
chest pain; does not refer to angina pectoris
48
tracheostenosis
narrowing of trachea
49
wheeze
high-pitched, musical sound; more prominent with expiration than inspiration; commonly heard with asthma and chronic obstruction pulmonary disease
50
croup
acute respiratory condition found in infants and children characterized by barking type of cough or stridor
51
diphtheria
condition of bacterial upper respiratory infection characterized by formation of thick membranous film across throat and high mortality rate; rare now, due to childhood diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus (DPT) vaccines
52
laryngitis
information of larynx
53
nasopharyngitis
inflammation of nasal cavity and pharynx; commonly called common cold
54
pertussis
infectious bacterial disease of upper respiratory system that children receive immunization against as part of their DPT shots; commonly called whooping cough, due to whoop sound made when coughing
55
pharyngitis
inflammation of pharynx; commonly called a sore throat
56
rhinomycosis
abnormal condition of fungal infection of nasal cavity
57
asthma
disease caused by various conditions, like allergens, and resulting in restriction of bronchial airways, dyspnea, coughing, and wheezing; can cause violent spasms of bronchi (bronchospasms) but generally not like threatening condition; medication can be very effective
58
bronchiectasis
abnormal dilation of bronchi; may be result of lung infection; condition may be irreversible and result in destruction of bronchial walls; major symptoms include coughing up large amount of purulent sputum, crackles, and hemopytsis
59
bronchitis
inflammation of bronchus
60
bronchogenic carcinoma
cancerous, tumor, or originating in cells lining the bronchi; usually associated with history of cigarette smoking
61
bronchopneumonia
condition of inflammation of the lung’s smaller bronchial tubes with fluid collecting in the nearby alveoli
62
adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
acute respiratory failure in adults, characterized by tachypnea, cyanosis, tachycardia, and hypoxemia; may follow trauma, pneumonia, or septic infections; also called acute respiratory distress syndrome
63
antrhacosis
abnormal condition of pneumoconiosis that develops from collecting of coal dust in lung; also called black lung or miner’s lung
64
asbestosis
abnormal condition of pneumoconiosis that develops from collection of asbestos fibers in lungs; may lead to development of lung cancer
65
atelectasis
condition in which alveoli in a portion of the lung collapse, preventing respiratory exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide; can be caused by variety of conditions, including pressure on lung from tumor or other object; term also used to describe failure of newborn‘s lungs to expand
66
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Progressive, chronic, and usually irreversible group of conditions (often a combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema) in which lungs have diminished capacity for inhalation and exhalation; person may have dyspnea upon exertion and a cough
67
coronavirus disease (COVID-19)
A highly infectious, potentially fatal respiratory infection; caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) symptoms include fever, coughing, loss of taste or smell, and dyspnea; may be mild to severe; series of effective vaccines are now available
68
cystic fibrosis (CF)
abnormal hereditary condition causing exocrine glands to malfunction; patient produces very thick mucus that causes severe congestion within lungs, pancreas, and intestine; through more advanced treatment, many children are now living into adulthood with this disease
69
emphysema
Pulmonary condition characterized by destruction of walls of alveoli, resulting in fewer, over expanded air sacs; can occur as a result of long-term heavy smoking; air pollution, also worsens disease; patient may not be able to breathe except in sitting or standing position
70
hystoplasmosis
abnormal condition of pulmonary infection caused by fungus histoplasma capsulatum, found in dust and in droppings of pigeons and chickens
71
infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)
Lung condition most commonly found in premature infants characterized by tachypnea and respiratory grunting; condition caused by lack of surfactant necessary to keep lungs inflated; also called hyaline membrane disease (HMD) and respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn
72
influenza
viral infection of respiratory system, characterized by chills, fever, bodyaches, and fatigue; commonly called the flu
73
legionnaire disease
severe, often fatal, bacterial infection, characterized by pneumonia and liver and kidney damage
74
middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS)
Life-threatening viral respiratory illness first reported in Saudi Arabia in September 2012; caused by Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV); symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath
75
mycoplasma pneumonia
Less severe but longer lasting form of pneumonia caused by mycoplasma pneumoniae bacteria; also called walking pneumonia
76
pneumoconiosis
Abnormal condition resulting from inhalation into the lungs of environmental particles (dust) that become toxic; can be a result of inhaling coal dust or asbestos
77
pneumonia
Inflammatory condition of lung that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and aspirated substances; results in filling of alveoli and air spaces with fluid
78
pulmonary edema
condition in which lung tissue retains excessive amount of fluid, especially in alveoli; results in dyspnea
79
pulmonary embolism (PE)
obstruction of pulmonary artery or one of its branches of embolus (a plug), often a blood clot broken away from another area of body; may cause infarct in lung tissue
80
Pulmonary fibrosis
abnormal condition of formation of fibrosis scar tissue in lungs that leads to decreased ability to expand lungs; may be caused by infections, pneumoconiosis, autoimmune diseases, and toxin exposure
81
severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
acute viral respiratory infection that begins like flu, but quickly progresses to severe dyspnea; caused by SARS-associated coronavirus; high fatality rate in persons over age 65; first appeared in China in 2003
82
silicosis
abnormal condition of pneumoconiosis that developed from inhalation of silica dust found in quarrying, glasswork, sandblasting, and ceramics
83
sleep apnea
condition in which breathing stops repeatedly during sleep long enough to cause drop in oxygen levels in blood
84
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
unexpected and unexplained death of apparently well infant under one year of age; child suddenly stops breathing for unknown reasons
85
tuberculosis (TB)
Abnormal condition of infectious disease caused by bacteria mycobacterium tuberculosis; most commonly affects respiratory system and causes inflammation and calcification in lungs; tuberculosis incidence is on the increase and is seen in many patients with weakened immune systems; multidrug-resistant tuberculosis is a particularly dangerous form of the disease because some bacteria have developed resistance to standard drug therapy
86
empyema
pus with pleural space usually associated with bacterial infection; also called pyothorax
87
pleural effusion
abnormal accumulation of fluid in pleural cavity preventing lungs from fully expanding; physicians can detect presence of fluid by tapping chest or listening with a stethoscope
88
pleurisy
inflammation of pleura characterize by sharp chest pain with each breath; also called pleuritis
89
pneumothorax
Collection of air or gas pleural cavity in the chest, possibly resulting in collapse of lung

respiratory system (6 decks)

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