Pathology

Question 1

Lining Epithelium of respiratory system ?

Answer 1

Pseudostratified, ciliated columnar epithelium

Question 2

Vocal cords lining epithelium ?

Answer 2

Stratified squamous

Question 3

Cells of alveoli with functions ?

Answer 3

Type 1 pneumocytes (95%) : flat cells
Type 2 : globular, surfactant, promotes healing

Question 4

Define emphysema?

Answer 4

Irreversible
Distal to terminal epithelium ( acinus )

Question 5

Fibrosis in emphysema ?

Answer 5

No

Question 6

Pathogenesis of emphysema?

Answer 6

Smoking/A1AT deficiency
Increased elastase activity
Destruction Of lung architecture

Question 7

Types of emphysema

Answer 7

Centrilobular/centriacinar
Panacinar
Paraseptal/distal
Irregular

Question 8

Emphysema associated with spontaneous pneumothorax?

Answer 8

Paraseptal/distal

Question 9

Tell locations of emphysemas ?

Answer 9

Upper lobe : centriacinar
Lower lobe : panacinar

Question 10

Type of inheritance in A1ATD?

Answer 10

AR(ch.14)

Question 11

A1ATD clinical features?

Answer 11

Lungs: panacinar emphysema
Liver : cirrhosis (pas+)

Question 12

Normal vs diseases A1ATD?

Answer 12

PiMM : N
PiZZ : diseases

Question 13

Floating septa seen in ?

Answer 13

Emphysema(broken alveolar wall )

Question 14

C/f of emphysema?

Answer 14

Pink puffers
Barrel chest
Pursed lip breathing
Flattened diaphragm

Question 15

Define chronic bronchitis?

Answer 15

Persistent productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months for 2 consecutive years

Question 16

Pathogenesis of chronic bronchitis?

Answer 16

Smoking
Mucosal irritations
Increased mucus
Increased reid index
Productive cough
Increased infections

Question 17

Reid index normal value and in CB?

Answer 17

Normal : 0.4
Increased in chronic bronchitis
Normal in asthma

Question 18

Blue bloaters and cough : dx?

Answer 18

Chronic bronchitis

Question 19

Bronchial asthma genes, cytokines,cells,HSRx,earliest mediator?

Answer 19

Type 1 HS
Cells: mast and eosinophils
Cytokines IL4,IL5
Earliest mediator: histamine
Genes for atopy: ch 5
Genes : IL13,ADAM33

Question 20

Sputum of asthma ?

Answer 20

3Cs :
Curshman spirals (whorled mucus plugs)
Creola bodies
Charcoat leyden crystals (eosinophils) galectin 10

Question 21

Sputum of asthma ?

Answer 21

3Cs :
Curshman spirals (whorled mucus plugs)
Creola bodies
Charcoat leyden crystals (eosinophils) galectin 10

Question 22

Airway changes in asthma ?

Answer 22

Increased thickness
Eosinophils & mast cells in lamina propria
Smooth muscle hyperplasia
Submucosal gland hyperplasia

Question 23

Etiology of bronchiectasis?

Answer 23

Congenital : kartagener & CF
Aquired : foreing body, tumours, infections

Question 24

Triad of kartagener syndrome ?

Answer 24

Situs inversus
Bronchiectasis
Sinusitis

Question 25

Defect in kartagener syndrome ?

Answer 25

Dyeinin arm of cilia

Question 26

C/f of immotile cilia syndrome ?

Answer 26

B/L lower lobes Productive cough Dyspnea

Question 27

Complications of primary cilia dyskinesia?

Answer 27

Sepsis Empyema Lung abscess Brain abscess Amyloidosis(AA)

Question 28

Gross finding of bronchiectasis?

Answer 28

Probe reaches pleura

Question 29

Which pneumoconiosis affects upper lobe & lower lobes?

Answer 29

CWP & Silicosis : upper lobes Asbestosis : lower lones

Question 30

Pneumoconiosis risk factors?

Answer 30

Particles size Particle solubility Duration Synergistic factors (smoking)

Question 31

Most pathogenic risk factors for pneumoconiosis?

Answer 31

0-5 micron size

Question 32

Caplan syndrome?

Answer 32

CWP/Silicosis + Rheumatoid arthritis

Question 33

C/f of CWP?

Answer 33

Asymptomatic anthracosis Simple CWP (coal macule,coal nodule) Progressive massive fibrosis

Question 34

Most common pneumoconiosis?

Answer 34

Silicosis = grinder disease

Question 35

Egg shell calcification seen in

Answer 35

Silicosis on CXR due to LN enlargement

Question 36

Silicosis associated with increased risk of

Answer 36

TB Lung cancer

Question 37

Histopathology of silicosis?

Answer 37

Whorled collagen bundles

Question 38

Gross of silicosis?

Answer 38

Silicotic nodule Collagenous scar

Question 39

Polarized microscopy of silicosis?

Answer 39

Birefringent silical particle

Question 40

Asbestosis found in which industry workers ?

Answer 40

Shipping , construction

Question 41

Asbestos fibres?

Answer 41

Serpentine Amphibole

Question 42

More carcinogenic asbestos fibre?

Answer 42

Amphibole

Question 43

Most common presentation of asbestosis?

Answer 43

Pleural plaque

Question 44

Most common malignancy in asbestosis?

Answer 44

Lung adenocarcinoma

Question 45

Most specific carcinoma for asbestosis.

Answer 45

Malignant mesothelioma

Question 46

Ferruginous body seen in ?

Answer 46

Asbestosis It is coated with iron Dumbell shaped , beaded, fusiform, rod like

Question 47

Stain for asbestosis body ?

Answer 47

Prussian blue

Question 48

What is psammoma body ?

Answer 48

Foci of dystrophic calcification Basophilic

Question 49

Psammoma bodies seen in

Answer 49

Papillary carcinoma of thyroid Prolactinoma Serous cystadenoma of ovary Mesothelioma Meningioma

Question 50

Berryliosis type of granuloma ?

Answer 50

Non caseating

Question 51

Baritosis, byssinosis, bagassosis, siderosis?

Answer 51

Barium toxicity Cotton Sugarcane Irom

Question 52

Honeycomb lung seen in ?

Answer 52

Fibrosing restrictive lung diseases

Question 53

Masson bodies seen in ?

Answer 53

BOOP

Question 54

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis other name and mutation?

Answer 54

UIP TERT/TERC mutation

Question 55

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis?

Answer 55

Defect in surfactant

Question 56

Types of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis?

Answer 56

Congenital Autoimmune (more common )

Question 57

Pathogenesis of congenital and autoimmune PAP?

Answer 57

Congenital: defect in type 2 pneumocytes Autoimmune: Defect in GM-CSF signaling pathway

Question 58

Epithelium of esophagus?

Answer 58

Stratified squamous

Question 59

Which layer absent in gallbladder & esophagus?

Answer 59

Esophagus: serosa/adventitia Gallbladder: submucosa

Question 60

Infective esophagitis causes?

Answer 60

Candida CMV Herpes

Question 61

Candida esophagitis gross & HPE?

Answer 61

Gross: Pseudomembranes Biopsy: pseudohyphae

Question 62

Shallow ulcers in esophagus?

Answer 62

CMV

Question 63

Punched out ulcers in esophagus?

Answer 63

Herpes

Question 64

Biopsy of CMV ?

Answer 64

Owl eye inclusions (basophilic)

Question 65

Biopsy findings of herpes esophagitis?

Answer 65

3Ms Multinucleation Moulding into one anaother Margination

Question 66

Type of metaplasia seen in barrett esophagus?

Answer 66

Columnar epithelia metaplasia

Question 67

Barrett esophagus increases risk of which cancer?

Answer 67

Adenocarcinoma

Question 68

Special stain for barrett esophagus?

Answer 68

Alcian blue

Question 69

Histological hallmark for barrett esophagus?

Answer 69

Intestinal metaplasia Goblet cells

Question 70

Red velvety mucosa on endoscopy?

Answer 70

Barrett

Question 71

Most common benign cancer of esophagus?

Answer 71

Leiomyoma

Question 72

Most common cancer of esophagus 1.worldwide 2.western world?

Answer 72

1. Worldwide: squamous 2. Western world : adenocarcinoma

Question 73

Squamous cancer affects which part of esphagus?

Answer 73

Upper 1/3 Middle 1/3 Lower 1/3 : adenocarcinoma

Question 74

Risk factors of squamous esophagus cancer ?

Answer 74

HPV Smoking Alcohol Hot beverages SOX2 mutation Plummer vinson syndrome Preservation rich food Drugs/radiation Tylosis palmaris

Question 75

Which factor is protective in adenocarcinoma of esophagus?

Answer 75

H.pylori

Question 76

C/f of esophageal cancer?

Answer 76

Dysphagia (solids more than liquids) Anorexia Weight loss

Question 77

Rat tail appearance on barium swallow?

Answer 77

Esophagus cancer

Question 78

IHC markers of SCC?

Answer 78

Cytokeratin P63

Question 79

Most important prognostic factor for esophageal cancer?

Answer 79

Depth of invasion

Question 80

Esosinophilic keratin pearls seen in ?

Answer 80

Esophageal cancer hallmark

Question 81

Portal triad?

Answer 81

Hepatic artery Portal vein Bile duct

Question 82

What is space of disse?

Answer 82

Space between hepatocytes & sinusoidal ring

Question 83

Sinusoids of liver lined by ?

Answer 83

Kupffer cells

Question 84

hapatocytes have abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm due to what?

Answer 84

Increased mitochondria

Question 85

1st site for amyloid deposition in liver?

Answer 85

Space of disse

Question 86

Function of ito cells ?

Answer 86

Vitamin A storage Collagen synthesis

Question 87

Stem cells of liver?

Answer 87

Oval cells

Question 88

Most susceptible lobe of liver to ischemia ?

Answer 88

Zone 3 centrilobular

Question 89

Jaundice causes UCB CB?

Answer 89

CB(direct): Dubin johnson, rotor, PBC, obstruction UCB: Crigler najjar, gilbert, hemolytic anaemia

Question 90

Type of inheritance in crigler najjar 1 and 2 ?

Answer 90

CN-1 : AR CN-2 : AD

Question 91

Crigler najjar 1 defect?

Answer 91

Complete deficiency of UGTA1

Question 92

Defect in Gilbert?

Answer 92

Mild defect in UGTA1

Question 93

Crigler najjar 2 defect?

Answer 93

Mild deficiency of UGTA1

Question 94

Treatment of crigler najjar 2 ?

Answer 94

Phenobarbitone

Question 95

Dark pigmented liver MRP2 defect Diagnosis?

Answer 95

Dubin johnson syndrome

Question 96

Organic anion transport defect Non pigmented liver Diagnosis?

Answer 96

Rotor syndrome

Question 97

Type of collagen in liver cirrhosis?

Answer 97

1 & 3

Question 98

Liver cirrhosis causes ?

Answer 98

A : alcohol B : PBC,PSC C : cryptogenic cirrhosis D : drug induced cirrhosis E : enzyme induced(A1ATD) H : Hepatitis, hemochromatosis W : wilson disease